BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) BATNA is the course of action you pursue if a deal falls through. It serves as your backup plan, baseline, and primary source of leverage. To identify your BATNA: map out every realistic path forward if the deal doesn't happen, evaluate which alternative is most effective by accounting for costs, probabilities, and strategic objectives, convert your BATNA into a specific walk-away threshold that tells you when to use your Plan B, and reassess before

Key Definitions Diversity refers to the presence of differences within a given setting, encompassing race, gender, age, ethnicity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, education, and national origin. Equity means ensuring fair treatment, access, opportunity, and advancement for all people while identifying and eliminating barriers that have prevented full participation of some groups. Inclusion is the practice of creating environments where any individual or group feels welcomed, respected,

SECTION 1: MEANING & DEFINITIONS

"Governance" from Latin 'gubernare' = 'to steer' (as in steering a ship).

OECD (1999): "A set of relationships between a company's board, its shareholders and other stakeholders. It also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of attaining those objectives, and monitoring performance, are determined."

Cadbury Committee (1999): "Concerned with holding the balance between economic and social goals and between individual

Drugs Acting on CNS 1. Anaesthetic Drugs- Anaesthetics are drugs that produce a reversible loss of sensation, with or without loss of consciousness, thereby allowing surgical or diagnostic procedures to be performed without pain. Mode of action: General anaesthetics produce CNS depression by enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission, mainly through GABA-A and glycine receptors, and/or reducing excitatory neurotransmission through NMDA and other receptors. Local anaesthetics block voltage-gated sodium

गुण की परिभाषा: जो द्रव्य में आश्रित होकर रहता है, स्वयं किसी अन्य गुण या कर्म का आश्रय नहीं बनता तथा द्रव्य के कर्म को प्रभावित करता है, उसे गुण कहते हैं। चरक के अनुसार गुण द्रव्य में समवाय सम्बन्ध

1. EMULSION – Define emulsion. Explain methods of preparation, identification tests and

stability problems.

Answer:

Definition: An emulsion is a biphasic liquid dosage form in which one immiscible liquid is dispersed as fine

droplets in another liquid with the aid of an emulsifying agent.

Types: Oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O).

Methods of preparation:

1. Dry gum method: Oil, gum and water are generally used in a 4:2:1 ratio. Gum is triturated with oil,

followed by rapid addition of water

Research methods are systematic techniques used by psychologists to collect, study, and analyze information about human behaviour and social phenomena. The major research methods include descriptive, experimental, correlational, and archival methods.

1.descriptive-Descriptive research is used to describe and record behaviour as it naturally occurs. It does not necessarily establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

a. Case Study-A case study is an in-depth investigation of a particular individual,