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2. Participios Irregulares (Irregular Participles)

These are the verbs that do not follow the -ado/-ido rule. You just have to memorize them!

• Hacer (to do/make) $\rightarrow$ hecho (done/made)

• Morir (to die) $\rightarrow$ muerto (dead/died)

• Decir (to say/tell) $\rightarrow$ dicho (said/told)

• Volver (to return) $\rightarrow$ vuelto (returned)

• Abrir (to open) $\rightarrow$ abierto (opened)

• Descubrir (to discover) $\rightarrow$ descubierto (discovered)

• Romper (to break) $\rightarrow$

## Part 1: Sampling Design and Sampling Procedure
In research, it is usually impossible, too expensive, or too time-consuming to collect data from every single individual in a population (referred to as a **census**). Instead, researchers select a smaller, representative subset of that population, known as a **sample**.
 * **Population (N):** The total collection of all elements that share a common set of characteristics (e.g., all BBA students in a university).   **Sample (n):** The actual group

## Part 1: Research Fundamentals :Research is a systematic, deliberate, and detailed study done to discover new facts, verify existing knowledge, and reach new conclusions. It is essentially a structured journey from the known to the unknown.
### Characteristics of Research :For an investigation to be considered true research, it must possess the following core traits:   * **Empirical:** It is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher, rather than mere speculation or hearsay.  *

accent — The characteristic pronunciation patterns of a variety of speech.
accommodation — The phenomenon in which speakers change their manner of speaking depending on whom they interact with.
acquiring (language) — The natural acquisition of a language variety.
active knowledge — Knowledge of a language that includes the ability to use and produce it.
age-grading — Variation in language use associated with different ages.
apparent time — A method of studying language change by comparing

Q1. Explain DES Structure.

Answer:

DES (Data Encryption Standard) is a symmetric key block cipher used for data encryption. It encrypts 64-bit plaintext using a 56-bit secret key.

DES uses a 16-round Feistel structure. The plaintext first undergoes initial permutation and is divided into left and right halves. In every round, the right half is processed using a round function and XORed with the left half. After 16 rounds, final permutation is performed to generate ciphertext.

Features:

• 64-bit block

    def removeDuplicates(self, s: str, k: int) -> str:
        stack = []
        for char in s:
            if not stack: 
                stack.append((char, 1))
            else:   

                last_char, last_cnt = stack[-1]
                if char != last_char:
                    stack.append((char, 1))
                else:
                    if last_cnt + 1 < k:
                        stack[-1] = (last_

• Virus – A tiny infectious particle that can only reproduce inside a host cell.
• Host cell – A living cell that a virus infects and uses to make more viruses.
• Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) – Genetic material that carries instructions for life processes.
• Capsid protein coat – Protective protein covering around a virus’s genetic material.
• Lytic infection – Viral cycle where the virus reproduces quickly and bursts the host cell open.
• Lysogenic infection – Viral cycle where viral DNA inserts

Throughout the twentieth century, a lot of countries were going through nationalism, political instability, war, and economic problems. When things got bad like that, governments and extremist groups would usually find someone to blame. Minority groups became easy targets. Over time, propaganda and violence were used to isolate these groups and eventually wipe them out. Genocides like the Armenian Genocide, the Holocaust, Rwanda, Bosnia, and Darfur all showed how fear and hatred can lead to organized