गुण की परिभाषा: जो द्रव्य में आश्रित होकर रहता है, स्वयं किसी अन्य गुण या कर्म का आश्रय नहीं बनता तथा द्रव्य के कर्म को प्रभावित करता है, उसे गुण कहते हैं। चरक के अनुसार गुण द्रव्य में समवाय सम्बन्ध
1. EMULSION – Define emulsion. Explain methods of preparation, identification tests and
stability problems.
Answer:
Definition: An emulsion is a biphasic liquid dosage form in which one immiscible liquid is dispersed as fine
droplets in another liquid with the aid of an emulsifying agent.
Types: Oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O).
Methods of preparation:
1. Dry gum method: Oil, gum and water are generally used in a 4:2:1 ratio. Gum is triturated with oil,
followed by rapid addition of water
Research methods are systematic techniques used by psychologists to collect, study, and analyze information about human behaviour and social phenomena. The major research methods include descriptive, experimental, correlational, and archival methods.
1.descriptive-Descriptive research is used to describe and record behaviour as it naturally occurs. It does not necessarily establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
a. Case Study-A case study is an in-depth investigation of a particular individual,
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E₁ & E₂ Reactions
Elimination Reactions
E₁ and E₂ are elimination reactions.
These are reactions used in the preparation of alkenes by dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides.
These reactions involve the removal of a leaving group from a substrate, resulting in the formation of a double bond.
Example:
CH₃–CH₂–Br → CH₂=CH₂ + HBr
There are two types of elimination reactions:
E₁ reaction
E₂ reaction
1) E₁ Reaction
E₁ stands for Unimolecular Elimination reaction.
It is unimolecular,
OR:It is a scientific approach to decision-making that involves the application of mathematical models, statistics, and algorithms to help organizations solve complex problems and improve performance.solve model:1Formulate the Problem:Define the problem clearly.Identify the objective(maximize profit,minimize cost),the decision variables(what to decide)and the constraints (limitations).2Construct a Mathematical Model:Represent the problem in mathematical terms. This usually involves an objective
Habituation = getting used to something Show the SAME stimulus repeatedly.Looking time ↓ with each presentation.Means the infant recognizes/remembers the stimulus → “I’ve seen this already.”
Dishabituation = noticing something changed First habituate the infant to a stimulus.Then show a NEW/different stimulus.If looking time ↑ again, the infant detected the difference.Dishabituation requires habituation first.
Senescence is the normal deterioration of cells as we age. Telomeres are protective...
a) Taxonomy - Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned with the identification, naming, and classification of living organisms based on shared characteristics.
b) Amphiblastula larva – The amphiblastula is a free-swimming, oval-shaped larval stage found in certain sponges (Phylum Porifera, such as Scypha). It features flagellated cells on the anterior half and non-flagellated cells on the posterior half.
c) Taeniasis - Taeniasis is an intestinal parasitic infection caused by adult tapeworms