# Distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconimic
| Microeconomics | Macroeconomics |
|---|---|
| Studies individual economic units like consumers and firms. | Studies the economy as a whole. |
| Focuses on demand and supply of specific goods. | Focuses on aggregate demand and aggregate supply. |
| Deals with price determination of individual products. | Deals with general price level (inflation). |
| Studies individual income, cost, and production. | Studies national income, total production, and economic growth. |
Industry Analysis + Porter’s Five Forces
Industry analysis is the process of evaluating the structure, trends, competition and profitability of an industry to determine its attractiveness for investment. It helps in understanding growth potential, risk and competitive position of firms.
Objectives:
Identify profitable industries, analyze demand-supply conditions, understand competition, evaluate future growth.
Key factors:
Demand & supply (growth, consumption)
Growth rate (high growth = high
Put–Call Parity This model states that for a given call price, the corresponding put price for the same exercise price and same tenure can be determined. This is known as the Put–Call Parity rule.
Consider two portfolios:
First Portfolio: Stock + Put
Second Portfolio: Call + Present Value of Strike Price
At expiry, the value of both portfolios will be equal under all conditions.
At Expiry
Case 1: If Stock Price < Exercise Price (80<100)
Portfolio A (Stock + Put)
Stock = Stock price at end
Put
CONCEPT OF QUALITY
According to USFDA, "Quality is a measure of products or services ability to salisfy the customer's demand.
Quality isnt only about the product being defect -free but also about fitness for use - ie., how well it performs its intended function.
In Pharma, quality means ensusing that the drug is sufe, effective, pure consistent throughout its she33f life
IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY
Ensure safety e effectiveness of the praduct.
Maintains uniformity e consistency in each batch.
Builds
How Recombinant ONA technology is helpful in vaccine manufacture.--1. Isolation of genetic mateial or dNA♤
Cenetic material is present inside the cels. It has to be obtained in pure form without enen the attached histones and other proteins.•.To get desued oNA, cus ane treated with lysozyme ( for bacteria), celulase and pectinase (for plant cus) and chitinase (for fungal cells).
•.The treated cels ane homogenised and centrifuged to ruptine the cells as well as nuclear envelopes. The homogenised
6. Communication Cycle
Sender → Message → Encoding → Channel → Receiver → Decoding → Feedback.
7. 7 C’s of Communication
Clear, Concise, Concrete, Correct, Coherent, Complete, Courteous.
8. Input & Output Devices
Input devices send data to computer (keyboard, mouse). Output devices show results (monitor, printer).
9. Qualities of Entrepreneur
Leadership, risk-taking, creativity, decision-making, confidence, good communication.
10. Sustainable Development
Development that meets
1. Production Management & Its Features (Long Answer)
Production Management is an important branch of management that deals with planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the production activities of an organization. It ensures that goods and services are produced efficiently, at the right time, in the right quantity, and at minimum cost.
It mainly focuses on converting raw materials into finished goods by using men, machines, and materials effectively.
Features of Production Management:...
A space launch vehicle (SLV) is a rocket system used to carry satellites or spacecraft from Earth’s surface into space. It provides the required thrust to overcome Earth’s gravity and place payloads into specific orbits such as low Earth orbit (LEO), geostationary orbit (GEO), or beyond.
Developed by Indian Space Research Organisation
Known as the workhorse of ISRO
Used mainly to launch satellites into polar sun-synchronous orbits (SSO)
Known
Definition Place of Supply (POS) means the location where a supply is deemed to take place. It is used to determine whether a supply is intra-state (CGST + SGST) or inter-state (IGST).
Sections
Goods
Section 10 – within India, Section 11 –import and export
Services
Section 12 – supplier and recipient are in India ,Section 13 – POS of services when one party is outside India
Location of Supplier (Section 2(15))
If supply is made from registered place of business → location is place of business