Principle of identity. An object is the same as itself: A is A → A = A.
Principle of contradiction. Nothing can both be and not be in the same sense at the same time, or, in other words, contradictory statements can not both be true in the same sense at the same time: nothing can be A and not A → ¬(A ¬A) ∧ .
Principle of excluded middle. Everything must either be or not be, or, in other words, every statement must either be true of false: everything is A or not A → A v ¬A.
Logical
...Logic: Logic is considered the philosophical discipline that studies the correctness or validity of our reasoning.
Definition: By means of our language we can do many things: begging someone to lend us money, asking where the bus stop is, describing our home, or even, if you have sufficient authority, you can throw someone in jail.
Reasoning, argument or inferences: 1) Premises: a set of statements expressing the input data. 2) Conclusion: the final statement expressing new information obtained from
...THE KARL POPPER’S FALSIFICATIONISM TEXTO
The principal topic of this text of the Logical magazine of the scientific investigation is the vision that Popper has on the science, according to his falsificationism method. First the author argues that the science is not a sure knowledge and that for it it is not possible to reach the truth and that alone we can elaborate simple conjectures. It affirms that these scientific conjectures must surrender to rigorous and systematic tests, not to check them
...PROBLEMS OF THE HYPOTHETICAL-DEDUCTIVE METHOD
The formulation of hypotheses: it does not seem unreasonable to assert that in the formulation of hypotheses some factors come into play that may seem unscientific or completely away from scientific procedure, for example, imagination, luck or chance. The inability to respond to this explanatory gap has caused that some thinkers, such as Paul Feyerabend, have spread the influence of the imagination to the whole scientific procedure.
The validation and
...THE SCIENTIFIC METHODS
a) Deductive method: This method consists in going from general statements to particular statements. From some general judgements or definitions (premises), individual conclusions, that are the necessary consequence of the firsts, are deduced. The consistency and validity of this method is unquestionable. The deductive method is characteristic of formal sciences, although in empirical sciences is also used in the first part of the investigation
b) Inductive method: inductive
...SPECIFIC CHRACTERISTICS OF MODERN SCIENCE
Galileo Galilei inaugurated a new way of making and understanding science. Galileo addressed the same problems that had concerned other scientists before him, but he did this in a radically different and revolutionary way, two caractheristics:
...THE PROBLEM OF TRUTH
a)Truth concerning reality: Therefore, the term “truth” could be identified here with "true reality" as opposed to mere appearance. The distinction between reality and appearance has been the subject of a long debate throughout the History of Philosophy. However, it has dominated the conception that considers that appearances are concealments of reality. Things are not as they appear (objects don't become smaller when they move away, the stick doesn't bend when it is immersed
...-Opinion: By opinión we mean a subjective assessment about something we can’t make sure and we can’t prove to others. It is an assessment about reality, or how it shouls be, based on out interests, desires…but It is noy supported by convincing reason.
-Belief: we can distinguish two main types or uses
Hesitant use, when we want to express that we are not sure about if what we are talking about is true; that is, we hesitate about its veracity.
Assertive use, when we are sure about something
...Gnoseology: Gnoseology (aka Gnosiology) or Theory of Knowledge tries to define from a philosophical perspective what we mean by "know". It aims to clarify the origin, nature a limits of human knowledge.
Epistemology: Theory of Science or Philosophy of Science, mainly due to the modern identification between knowledge and science.
Theory of Knowledge: deal with issues regarding the reliability of reason or senses to provide true kowledge. This discussion can already be found among the main philosophers...