Data items presented in a digital certificate
Serial number,Certificate Authority that issued certificate,CA digital signature,Name of company/organisation/individual owning certificate,Subject public key,Period during which certificate is valid,Hashing algorithm
Conditions message is authentic
Digital certificate,Includes public key,Used to hash message received / produce message digest,Generated hash compared to digital signature
Usage of encrypted message digest
Financial transaction,Legal document,...
Cholera-Vibrio cholerae To reach their site of action in the small intestine, the bacteria have to pass through the stomach. If the contents are sufficiently acidic (pH less than 4.5), the bacteria are unlikely to survive. However, if the bacteria do reach the small intestine, they multiply and secrete a toxin, choleragen, which disrupts the functions of the epithelium lining the intestine, so that salts and water leave the blood. This causes severe diarrhoea and the loss of fluid can be fatal if...