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How the internet works

A) Web Protocols

HTTP: Used for transfering hypertext requests and info on the WWW. Governs communication between the web server and the web browser

HTTPS: Extension of http, creates a layer of security of encription - uses SSL/TLS to ensure commmunication.

B) File Protocols

FTP: (File transfer prot):: Transfer files between client and a server-simple way to upload and download

FTPS: similar to HTTP's adds a layer of security

SFTP(SSHFILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL=: provides secure

EXP 2 — Multi User Chat Server (TCP)

1. Start server

2. Create ServerSocket, bind to port

3. Display server started

4. Accept client connection

5. Assign unique client ID

6. Send ID to client

7. Store client in list

8. Create thread for client

9. Read client messages continuously

10. Display messages on server

11. Enter target client ID & message for private send

12. Send message to selected client

13. Remove disconnected client

14. Repeat for new clients

1. Start client

  (Q.1)  Classic Waterfall Model:

The Classic Waterfall Model is a sequential software development model where the development process flows step-by-step like a waterfall. Each phase must be completed before moving to the next phase, and there is usually no going back.

Phases of Waterfall Model:

Requirement Analysis – Collect and analyze all system requirements from the user.

System Design – Plan the architecture, database, and system design.

Implementation (Coding) – Developers write the

Secularisation, the process by which religion loses its social and cultural significance, has significantly influenced the Catholic Church in Aotearoa NZ by contributing to a decline in traditional affiliation among certain demographics. The 2013 Census data illustrates this trend, showing that while nationally 55 percent of the population had a religious affiliation, this represents a decline from previous years. Government Statistician Liz MacPherson noted that "Auckland was the only region

Sound in Unity (5 marks)
Definition:

Sound in Unity is used to add audio effects and background music to games.

Components:
Audio Source
Audio Clip
Audio Listener
Concept:
Audio Source plays sound
Listener receives sound
Explanation:
Adds realism to game
Used for effects and music
Application:
Used in games for background music and effects

Canvas and UI in Unity (5 marks)
Definition:

Canvas is used to create user interface elements like buttons, text, and menus in Unity.

Components:
Canvas
Button
Text
Concept:
UI

ygame Game Loop
Definition:

Game loop in Pygame is a continuous loop that keeps the game running by handling input, updating logic, and rendering output.

Steps:
Input: Get user input
Update: Update game state
Render: Display on screen
Concept:
Runs continuously until game ends
Each cycle is called a frame
Explanation:
Keeps game active
Controls flow of game
Application:
Used in all Pygame projects
Helps create real-time games

Event Handling in Pygame
Definition:
Event handling is the process of detecting and responding

Pygame Study Notes

1. 🧩 Basic Pygame Functions

Pygame is a Python library used to create games.

🔹 Common Functions
 • pygame.init()
→ Initializes all Pygame modules
 • pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))
→ Creates the game window
 • pygame.display.set_caption("Title")
→ Sets window title
 • screen.fill(color)
→ Fills screen with a color
 • pygame.display.update()
→ Updates the screen
 • pygame.time.Clock()
→ Controls game speed (FPS)

2. 🎯 Events (Keyboard & Mouse)