1. Basic Concepts
Population: Entire group of interest
Sample: Subset of population
Parameter: Describes population (e.g., μ)
Statistic: Describes sample (e.g., x̄)
Descriptive Statistics: Organizing/summarizing data
Inferential Statistics: Drawing conclusions about population from sample
2. Data Types & Measurement Levels
Level Properties Examples
Nominal Categories only Gender, colors
Ordinal Ordered categories Ratings (good/fair/poor)
Interval Ordered, equal intervals, no tru zero Temperature...
Q.3 What are the differences between NameNode and DataNode?
NameNode is the master node in HDFS, while DataNode is the slave node.
NameNode stores metadata like file names, directory structure, permissions, etc.
DataNode stores the actual data blocks of the files.
NameNode manages the namespace and regulates access to files.
DataNode performs read and write operations on HDFS blocks.
There is only one active NameNode (with a standby for high availability).
There are usually many DataNodes
Labor Economics Comprehensive Review Guide
Firms hire workers up 2 the point where the wage equals the Value of Marginal Product (VMP).
VMP = P × MP (where P = price of output, MP = marginal product of labor)
Downward-sloping labor demand due 2 diminishing marginal returns 2 labor.
Labor supply reflects the tradeoff between leisure & work.
Reservation wage: the minimum wage a person is willing 2 accept 4
Stress: Circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and tax coping abilities.
Common stressors: Frustration, conflict, change, pressure.
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Frustration | Occurs when pursuit of a goal is blocked. |
| Conflict | When two or more incompatible motivations compete. Examples: 🔹 Approach-Approach – two good choices. 🔹 Avoidance-Avoidance – two bad choices. 🔹 Approach-Avoidance – one choice |
Molecular motors: Convert chemical → mechanical energy.
Bacteria: Ion flow drives rotation.
Archaea: ATP hydrolysis.
Microscale motion: Non-reciprocal due to low Reynolds number.
Biogeochemical cycles: Oxidation of substrates; interlinked (C, N, S).
Carbon cycle: Key to ecosystem productivity, water quality.
Autotrophs: Use CO₂.
Photoautotrophs: Light energy.
Chemoautotrophs:
• Saad Nagi (1965) O primeiro modelo a tentar explicar o processo de incapacidade; É um modelo social (estes modelos não são exclusivos da saúde);-A incapacidade é vista como sendo resultado da interação da pessoa com o seu ambiente; 1. Patologia Ativa – Interrupção ou interferência com processos fisiológicos normais; 2. Deficiência – Perda ou alteração anatómica, fisiológica, mental ou emocional; 3. Limites Funcionais – Limitação na performance do individuo; 4. Incapacidade
21
Congress: The Big Lessons From Two Recent Congresses
Obamacare (2300-page law) narrowly passed on strict party lines in 2010. 45% of the public approves
Republicans took over the House in 2010; in 2014, they took over the Senate, too. Congress has passed over 60 bills to repeal and replace Obamacare
But that doesn’t happen. Why?
Obama vetoed each bill.
2017? RS is completely controlled, but Obamacare is more popular, with more electoral pressure.
Repeal passes House, but
The Spiral Model, proposed by Barry Boehm in 1986, is a software development process model that combines elements of both the Waterfall Model and Prototyping. It is mainly used for large, complex, and high-risk projects where requirements are not well understood from the beginning.
Each loop (iteration) of the spiral represents a phase in the software process and includes four major activities:
Planning:
Identify objectives,
EXP-6
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
int z = 0, i = 0, j = 0, c = 0;
char a[16], ac[20], stk[15], act[10];
void check() {
strcpy(ac, "REDUCE TO E -> ");
for (z = 0; z < c; z++) {
if (stk[z] == '4') {
cout << ac << "4" << endl;
stk[z] = 'E';
stk[z + 1] = '\0';
cout << "$" << stk << "\t" << a << "$\t";
}