1. Activity and Activity Coefficient
Activity (a):
Activity is the effective concentration of species in solution.
Where:
a = Activity
γ = Activity coefficient
C = Concentration
For ideal solution:
For real solution:
For electrolyte:
2. Activity and Mean Ionic Activity of Electrolyte
For electrolyte:
Mean ionic activity:
Mean ionic activity coefficient:
For 1:1 electrolyte:
3. Ionic Strength
Ionic strength measures total ionic concentration.
Where:
I = Ionic strength
C = concentration
Z = charge
Example:
NaCl
4. Ionic
Features of media
C = konkrete Beton
25/30 = Druckfestigkeit N/mm2
F3 - Konsistenz klasse
FM - Fließmittel
XD2 = Expositionsklasse
Sieblinie = Kornzusammensetzung
w/z Wert = Verhältnis w-z
Die Kapillarität
Kapillarwirkung:
- Adhäsionskraft - beschreibt die Anziehungskräfte zwischen Molekülen unterschiedlichen Typs;
- Kohäsionskraft - beschreibt die Anziehungskräfte zwischen Molekülen gleichen Typs.
A = Adhäsion: Anhangskraft zwischen verschiedenen Stoffen.
K = Kohäsion: Zusammenhangskraft innerhalb
Great Depression / New Deal
Hoovervilles — homeless shantytowns during the Depression
Soup kitchens — free food for the poor and unemployed
Bonus Army — WWI veterans demanding bonus payments
Volunteerism — Hoover’s belief private groups should solve the crisis
Fireside Chats — FDR radio talks to calm and inform the public
Bank Holiday — temporary bank shutdown to stop panic
NRA — National Recovery Administration
AAA — Agricultural Adjustment Administration
Court Packing Plan — FDR’s
Fourth wave feminism → Digital politics → Feminist backlash
Fourth wave feminism relies on digital politics to amplify activism and raise awareness, but this increased visibility also generates feminist backlash in the form of online harassment and resistance to gender equality.
FOURTH WAVE FEMINISM Fourth wave feminism refers to a contemporary phase of feminist activism characterized by its emphasis on intersectionality, global awareness, and the use of digital technologies to mobilize and...
1. Типы микроскопии и их характеристика
Световая микроскопия — изучение окрашенных и живых клеток в проходящем свете, разрешение 0,2 мкм. Фазово-контрастная — позволяет видеть живые неокрашенные клетки. Тёмнопольная — на тёмном фоне видны светящиеся объекты. Люминесцентная
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3
I Helene Dahlströms avhandling Förutsättningar för elevers textskapande beskrivs forskningsläget som splittrat. Hon visar att olika perspektiv ger olika syn på digitaliseringens påverkan på elevers skrivande: neurovetenskapliga och kognitiva studier är ofta mer kritiska, medan socialt orienterade studier betonar möjligheterna. Dahlström hänvisar till Mueller och Oppenheimer, som visar att studenter som skriver för hand minns och förstår innehåll bättre, trots att de skriver mindre.
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