The decline of the Mughal Empire was a complex process resulting from a combination of political, economic, administrative, military, and social factors that unfolded primarily after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. The causes can be broadly categorized as follows for a BA 3rd semester examination answer.
Causes of the Decline of the Mughal Empire
I. Political and Administrative Factors
Weak Successors: Aurangzeb's death was followed by a series of weak, inefficient, and short-reigning emperors who
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The Portrait Of A Lady
Long Answer – The Character of the Grandmother / Relationship / Theme of Changes
Khushwant Singh’s “The Portrait of a Lady” presents a touching and realistic portrait of the narrator’s grandmother, who is shown as a deeply religious, kind-hearted, and disciplined woman. She is described as an old, short, slightly bent lady whose face is marked with countless wrinkles, making the narrator feel that she had always been the same age. Her white clothes, rosary, and
Spike Jonze’s Her (2013) and Jonathan Demme’s The Silence of the Lambs (1991) both explore characters who experience deep loneliness, but they show it in very different visual ways. Her uses warm colours, soft lighting, and close-up shots to reveal Theodore’s emotional isolation and his sometimes idealized or unrealistic view of the women around him. In contrast, The Silence of the Lambs relies on point-of-view shots, spatial arrangement, and framing to show how Clarice is constantly observed,
p < 0.05 → Significant → Reject H0
p ≥ 0.05 → Not significant → Fail to reject H0
1 group vs known value → One-sample t-test
2 groups (different people) → Independent t-test
2 groups (same people before/after) → Paired t-test
3+ groups → ANOVA (+ Tukey if significant)
Numeric ↔ Numeric → Correlation
Predict Y from X → Regression
Categorical ↔ Categorical → Chi-Square
Use: one group vs a target number.
Think: “Is my sample
Explain Rule-based classification technique.
Rule-Based Classification Technique
Rule-based classification is a data mining method where IF–THEN rules are used to classify data into different categories. Each rule has two parts:
Example:
IF age > 18 AND income = high THEN class = “Premium Customer”.
Key points:
1. Define Mean
Mean = Average.
Sum of all values ÷ Number of values.
2. Find mean of first ten natural numbers
First 10 natural numbers: 1 to 10
Sum = 55
Mean = 55 ÷ 10 = 5.5
3. Define Median
Median = Beech wala value jab data ko chhote–bade order me likhte hain.
4. Find median of first ten even numbers
First 10 even numbers: 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20
Even count (10 values) → median = average of 5th & 6th value
5th = 10, 6th = 12
Median = (10 + 12)/2 = 11
5. Define Mode
Mode = Jo value sabse zyada baar
A computer is an electronic device that accepts input, processes data according to instructions, stores information, and produces output. It operates through both hardware (physical components like CPU, memory, storage) and software (programs and operating systems).[1][2][7] ### Definition: A computer is an electronic device that processes information based on a set of instructions, storing, retrieving, and manipulating data to perform a wide range of tasks efficiently.[2][1]
### Characteristics:
IEEE 802.15.4 is a low-power, low-data-rate wireless standard used for IoT sensor
networks.
Iske upar 3 main protocols banaye gaye hain:
1. Zigbe Zigbee is a low-power, low-cost wireless mesh protocol for smart homes and IoT
automation.
✔ Advantages
• Supports mesh networking → long-range coverage
• Very low power consumption
• Cheap modules
• Reliable for home automation
✘ Disadvantages
• Low data rate
• Not suitable for high-speed applications
• Limited range without mesh
1. Wie startet man eine bash-Shell.
Ein Terminal öffnen oder bash eingeben.
2. Wie startet man einen Web-Browser aus der Kommandozeile. Was bedeutet das & in
dem Kontext?
firefox &, & startet im Hintergrund.
3. Was ist für ein sicheres Kennwort/Password zu beachten?
Lang, komplex, ohne persönliche Daten.
4. Wie können Sie Ihr Kennwort in einer shell ändern?
Mit dem Befehl passwd.
5. Welchen Unterschied sehen Sie, wenn Sie die Befehle "ls" und "ls -a" ausführen?
ls zeigt normale