FORTRAN: FORmula TRANslation; scientific computing (arrays, loops, floats); Ideas - compiled code for speed; DO loop; subprograms; formatted I/O. Legacy: foundation of scientific programming.
ALGOL 60: ALGOrithmic Language; First machine-independent language; Introduced: block structure, recursion, BNF, format types, compound statements (begin...end); Legacy: basis for imperative languages
COBOL: COmmon Buisness-Oriented Language; buisness/data preprocessing; English-like syntax, records,
This topic analyzes how government intervention (taxes or subsidies) affects market equilibrium, consumer surplus (CS), producer surplus (PS), and total efficiency (DWL).
Tax Wedge: A tax ($\tau$) drives a wedge between the price buyers pay ($P_d$) and the price sellers receive ($P_s$).
$P_d = P_s + \tau$
The new equilibrium quantity ($Q_t$) is found where $Q_d(P_d) = Q_s(P_s)$.
Subsidy Wedge: A subsidy ($s$)
Cechy praw człowieka
- powszechne - przysługują wszystkim ludziom bez względu na ich przynależność państwową, pozycję społeczną i inne okoliczności.
- przyrodzone - przynależą każdemu człowiekowi od urodzenia do śmierci
- nienaruszalne - nie trzeba ich uzasadniać a państwo nie może ich zmieniać
- niezbywalne - nikt nie może odebrać człowiekowi tych praw ani on sam nie może z nich zrezygnować lub ich sprzedać
Generacja praw człowieka
I Generacja - Obejmuje wolność
MATLAB = MATrix LABoratory — a numerical computing environment and programming language built for engineering and math operations.
| Area | Function |
|---|---|
| Command Window | Execute code directly |
| Workspace | View and manage variables |
| Current Folder | File directory for scripts |
| Editor | Write .m scripts/functions |
| Figure Window | Displays plots |
| Help Browser | Documentation and examples |
Prompt symbol: >>
Comment: %
Suppress output:
The Internet is a global communication system connecting millions of computers across the world. It uses the TCP/IP protocol to exchange data. It allows users to access information, communicate, and perform various online activities.
Definition: The Internet is a worldwide network of interconnected computer networks that enables sharing of information and resources.
History (Short Point): The Internet originated from ARPANET developed in 1969 in the USA.
Goal: Turn cheap dopamine craving → drive for deep work, purpose, and long-term freedom.
Core principle: Effort = Reward
🧭 MINDSET BLOCK
| Concept | Core Belief |
|---|---|
| Identity | “I create dopamine through progress, not consumption.” |
| Effort Loop | Effort → Progress → Dopamine → Motivation (repeat) |
| Boredom | Training ground for focus, not pain to escape. |
| Stimulation Rule | Intentional > Impulsive. |
| Purpose | Link every action to a vision (freedom, |
1. Hypothesis Testing & p-values
p-value: Probability of observing a statistic as extreme (or more) as the sample, assuming H₀ is true.
Interpretation:
Large p-value → evidence in favor of H₀ | Small p-value → evidence in favor of Hₐ
Type I error (α): Reject H₀ when H₀ is true | Type II error (β): Fail to reject H₀ when H₀ is false
2. Study Design
Sample: Subset observed/measured | Population: Entire group of interest
Explanatory variable (x): Factor believed to influence