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Disinfection is the process of destroying or inactivating disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens) from objects, surfaces, water, or environment, so that they cannot cause infection.

Properties of an Ideal Disinfectant- Broad-spectrum., Rapid action., Non-toxic to humans and animals., Stable in storage., Works in presence of organic matter.

Economical and easy to use.

Types of Disinfection
1. Physical Methods Heat: Boiling water., Steam under pressure ., Dry heat.

Radiation: UV rays ., Sunlight

Lining of Tunnels

Purpose of Lining:

 Support tunnel structure.

Prevent water ingress.

 Improve durability.

Types of Lining:

Concrete, shotcrete, steel, or masonry.

Sections of Tunnel Lining:

 Crown: Top of the tunnel.

Inverts: Bottom of the tunnel.

 Walls: Sides of the tunnel.

1. Selection Criteria for Rock in Foundation Construction (Any Five)

• Strength and Load-Bearing Capacity – Must withstand loads without failure; high compressive strength preferred.
• Durability – Resistance

Describe in detail different Machine Learning models used.

1. Geometric Models  Geometric models represent data as points in a multidimensional space. Learning in these models involves finding geometric structures like hyperplanes, clusters, or nearest neighbors that can separate or classify the data. These models rely on the distance between data points, vector spaces, and geometric transformations. Example: Linear Classifiers (Perceptron, Logistic Regression, SVM) Nearest Neighbor Classifiers

पाण्डुरोग निदान – अतिस्निग्ध, गुरु, अम्ल, लवण, मद्य आदि का अत्यधिक सेवन, अतिश्रम, रात्रिजागरण, मानसिक तनाव, आम उत्पन्न करने वाले आहार, कृमि, रक्तक्षय, शोणितदोष, अत्यधिक रतिक्रिया एवं धातुक्षयजन्य

Protein Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, Growth retardation 1. Obesity 2. Renal overload 3. Gout
Carbohydrates Ketosis, Fatigue, Protein breakdown for energy 1. Obesity 2. Type-2 Diabetes 3. Metabolic syndrome
Fat Essential fatty acid deficiency → Dry skin, Poor wound healing, Growth failure 1. Obesity 2. Atherosclerosis 3. Fatty liver
Calcium Rickets, Osteoporosis, Tetany 1. Hypercalcemia 2. Kidney stones
Iron Iron-deficiency anemia 1. Hemochromatosis 2. Liver damage 3. Heart damage
Iodine Goiter, Cretinism,

Matthew Arnold’s Dover Beach is a deeply melancholic and philosophical poem that stands as one of the finest examples of Victorian poetry. Written in the mid-19th century, it is a reflective piece that blends personal emotion, social commentary, and existential anxiety.Arnold, who was both a poet and a cultural critic, uses this poem to express his disillusionment with the modern world, the decline of religious faith, and the fragile condition of human life. The poem can be read as an elegy, a

Definition of Iterative Algorithm: An iterative algorithm is an algorithm that repeatedly executes a set of instructions using loops (for, while, do-while) until a certain condition is satisfied. Instead of solving a problem directly in one step, the solution is approached gradually by repeating computations and updating variables. Iterative algorithms rely on repetition (iteration). They are widely used for problems involving repeated calculations, searching, and optimization. Example: Linear Search,