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security + domain 2
🔍 Threat Actors (Who Are the Attackers?)
| Threat Actor | Motivation | Traits | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nation-State Hackers | Espionage, cyber warfare | Highly skilled, stealthy, well-funded | Fancy Bear (Russia), APT Groups |
| Organized Crime Groups | Financial gain (ransomware, theft) | Professional, use ransomware-as-a-service | Conti ransomware gang |
| Hacktivists | Ideological or political disruption | Varied skill levels | Anonymous |
| Insider Threats | Revenge, profit, carelessness | Already have access, dangerous | Disgruntled |
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CARTOON
-Uvalde School Shooting (Texas, 2022): A gunman killed 21 people, including 19 young students. After the tragedy, many U.S. politicians still refused to change gun laws, showing how school shootings are becoming expected rather than shocking. This supports the cartoon's idea that society is becoming used to gun violence.
-NRA Convention (2022): Just days after Uvalde, the National Rifle Association (a powerful U.S. gun rights group) held a large meeting to promote gun rights and products.
MGM308
***Features of Marketing Above definitions have focused on following features: (1) Marketing is a business process. It is a continuous process undertaken for earning profit from buying and selling of goods and services. (2) In this process goods and services are provided as per the demand of customer. (3) The process is not only related with buying and selling. It includes all those activating required for delivering the goods from producers to end customer. (4) The process of marketing
Corporate governance
📌 Definition
Corporate governance is the system of rules, practices, and processes by which a company is directed and controlled. It involves balancing the interests of stakeholders such as shareholders, management, customers, suppliers, financiers, government, and the community.
🧩 Key Principles (OECD Framework)
- Transparency – Accurate and timely disclosure of financial and operational information.
- Accountability – Clear responsibilities and accountability of board and management.
- Fairness
unit two
Central Banking: Concept and Meaning
🔹 What is Central Banking?
Central Banking refers to the functions and activities carried out by a central bank, which is the main monetary authority of a country responsible for managing the currency, money supply, and interest rates. It acts as a regulator and supervisor of the banking system and plays a crucial role in the economic and financial stability of the country.
🔹 Meaning of Central Bank
A Central Bank is a government-owned or state-owned
unitone
India's banking system is a well-structured and regulated sector that plays a crucial role in the country's economic development. It operates under the supervision of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which is the central bank of the country.
Structure of the Banking System in India
1. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) – Central Bank
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Established: 1935 (nationalized in 1949)
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Role:
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Regulator and supervisor of the banking system
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Issuer of currency
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Controller of monetary policy
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Custodian of
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unit one
India's banking system is a well-structured and regulated system overseen primarily by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Here's an overview of the banking system and its structure:
🏦 1. Regulatory Body: Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
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Established: 1935 (under the RBI Act, 1934)
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Role:
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Regulates the issue and supply of currency
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Acts as the banker to the government and commercial banks
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Formulates and implements monetary policy
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Supervises and regulates financial institutions and markets
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Instrumentation
Draw and explain working of ramp type ADC with block diagram and waveform.
Working Principle:
Start Signal: A start signal initializes the ramp generator and resets the counter.
Ramp Generation: The ramp generator starts generating the sawtooth waveform.
Comparison: The comparator continuously compares the ramp voltage with the analog input voltage.
Counting: As long as the ramp voltage is lower than the analog input, clock pulses are allowed to pass through the gate circuit and are counted by
Fpl eng
Q1. Working Of Increment and Decrement Operator.
Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 10;
printf("%d\n",a++); // a = a + 1 => a = 11
printf("%d\n",a--); // a = a - 1 => a = 10
int count = 5;
printf("%d\n", ++count); // prints 6 (prefix increment)
printf("%d\n", count--); // prints 6, then count becomes 5 (postfix decrement)
return 0;
Q.Tokens:A token is the smallest unit of meaning in a programming languageThe tokens would be: 1. int → keyword 2. x → identifier 3. =