Titration: A technique to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration.
End Point: The point in a titration at which the indicator changes color, signaling that the reaction is complete.
Equivalent Point: The exact point at which the amount of titrant is chemically equivalent to the substance being titrated.
Titration Error: The difference between the end point and the equivalence point.
Normality (N): The number of gram equivalents of solute per
Aim: Observe cells and subcellular structures.
Add specimen (e.g. onion epidermis) on slide.Stain (e.g. iodine) to highlight structures. Lower cover slip at an angle (reduce air bubbles). Use low → high magnification.Focus using coarse → fine adjustment.Label parts of microscope.Calculate magnification Measure size using scale bar.Differences between plant and animal cells.Why stain? (to see organelles like nucleus)
Aim: Investigate osmosis using potato cylinders in different sugar solutions.
...Chapter 1 -
Linearity: As long as the values that vary (assuming any other values R
constant) R not themselves involved in anything more than
○addition&
○scalar multiplication
Chapter 2 -
Shallow network
y = f[x, ϕ]
y = ϕ₀ + ϕ₁ a[θ₁₀ + θ₁₁x] + ϕ₂ a[θ₂₀ + θ₂₁x] + ϕ₃ a[θ₃₀ + θ₃₁x]
y = ϕ₀ + ϕ₁h₁ + ϕ₂h₂ + ϕ₃h₃
Microscope
-Ocular Lens: remagnifies image formed by objective lens
-Objective lens: primary lens that magnifies specimen
-Condenser: focuses light through specimen
-Diaphragm: controls amount of light entering condenser
-Coarse/fine: used to focus specimen, changes distance between the objective lens and specimen. Coarse only for 4x.
-Scanning lens 4x (shortest lens)
-Low power pens 10x
-High power lens (40x)
-Oil lens 100x (longest lens)
-Iris diaphragm: holds condenser lenses, controls amount
A reusable solution to a recurring design problem.
Reuses abstract knowledge about problems and solutions.
Independent of specific implementation—acts like a template.
Uses OOP features: inheritance, polymorphism.
“Each pattern describes a problem which occurs over and over again... and then describes the core of the solution... you can use this solution a
Process of creating abstract graphical models of a system.
Goal: Understand and communicate different views (perspectives).
Common Language: UML (Unified Modeling Language)
| Perspective | Description |
|---|---|
| External | Models system environment/context |
| Interaction | Shows how system components/users interact |
| Structural | Shows how the system or data is organized |
| Behavioral | Shows how the system behaves/reacts to events |
Definition (IEEE): The fundamental organization of a software system, including components, relationships, and design principles.
Purpose: To ensure reliability, efficiency, security, and maintainability.
Goal: Design the system’s overall structure and its communication.
Outputs: Architectural model showing component interaction.
Key Link: Connects requirements to design.
🧊 Lab 8 – Temperature and Microbial Growth
Key Concepts:
•Psychrophiles grow best between 0–20°C. Often found in cold environments like glaciers.
•Mesophiles prefer 20–45°C. These include human pathogens like E. coli.
•Thermophiles thrive at 55°C or higher. They’re often found in hot springs.
Materials & What They Do:
•Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB): A nutrient-rich medium that supports bacterial growth.
•Incubators set to different temperatures (4°C, 25°C, 37°C, 55°C):
Uno de los temas centrales de la película es el enfrentamiento entre el mundo indígena y el occidental. Este choque no se presenta solo como un conflicto violento, sino como un malentendido profundo entre dos formas de ver el mundo. Por ejemplo, cuando Theo intenta ofrecerle una brújula a Karamakate como pago por su ayuda, el chamán se niega rotundamente, argumentando que introducir objetos así entre su gente destruiría sus conocimientos tradicionales de navegación por