INTERLANGUAGE: It recognizes that L2 Ls construct a linguistic system that draws, in part, on the L’s L1 but is also diff from it and also from the target lang. It is a unique linguistic system and involves diff premises such as: 1) L constructs a system of abstract linguistic rules which underlies comprehension and production of the L2. This system is viewed as a mental grammar. 2)L’s grammar is permeable. It is open to influence from the outside (ex, through the input) and also from...
Why can we say that L lang is systematic? L lang is systematic because at a particular stage of the learning process, the st uses the same gramml struct consistently, although it is often diff from that employed by native spks. Ls use their linguistic sources in predictable ways.
Why can we say that L lang is variable? L lang is variable, because at any given stage of development, Ls sometimes employ one form and sometimes another. Therefore, one day they can say one sentence correctly, but
...Sources of Problems in Groups
3 main potential sources for probl:
a) Teacher-gorup conflict: - Conflict of expectat about progr. - Resistance to communicative methods. - Resistance to leadership style. - Rebellion against authority.
b) Intra-group conflict: - Different aims, levels of ability, or motivat. - An inharmonius mix of ages, personalities, sexes, or nationalities.
c) The "indigestible" group member: - Misfits. - The insecure. - Rebels. - Frustrated Leader. -----integrate misfits...
Control as a Natural attribute of Learning.
To what extent are we born self-directed Ls? Thomson says that as young children, we are take control over the learning of our L1, but as learning becomes more complex we appear to give up much of our autonomy. When we learn foreign langs as teenagers or adults, we seem to find self-dir learning difficult and even show a preference for direction by Ts and learning materials.
Self-Instruction: Jones defines it as a deliberate long-term learning project...
The Grammar of Discourse
The fact that we have grammatical options helps us negociate social relationships. We can choose certain grammar structures over others to express our attitudes, to allocate power, & to establish & maintain our identities, among other things.
Understanding the choices that people exercise helps us interpret the intentions of others. There are several other areas of choice in grammar that need to be considered in order to fully explicate appropriateness in the use...
The Gr of Choice
When the meaning is held more or less constant, speakers still face socially or discursively motivated grammatical choices. The discussion of such choices involves the dimension of use.
The "One Right Answer Myth"
One of the enduring myths about gr is that there is always one right way to convey a particular meaning. Contrary to this myth, ts know that there is often more than one right answer to a question about gr. The choice of which gr structure to use depends on the...
RULES AND REASONS
Gram Rules & Reasons
Gr & rules are undoubtedly synonimous in the minds of Ls and Ts. The association between them is powerful because the partnership has been fruitful. Rules have served the learning of lang by capturing generalizations about morphosyntactic regularities in a lang. Rules also allow material developers to work with "right-sezed" chunck of lang, to help sts deal in an orderly and systematic way with the grammar of the target lang. Most lang ts work...
3 Dimensions are learned differently
The author believes that the 3 dimens are learned differently & that therefore they have to be taught differently. Sometimes we can make such strong semantic bonds that they stick, though that is not what it takes to learn a lexican item. Learning use requires that Ls devellop a sensitivity to context. Certain techniques lend themselves more to teaching 1 dimension rather than the others.
The importance of all 3 dimensions
In Linguistics: Knowing...
The 3 Dimensions Applied to Language in Communication
Form: Phonology / Graphology / Semiology, morphology, syntax --------- Accuracy-------------HOW IS THE UNIT FORMED?
The forms of a lang consists of the visible or audible units: sounds, written symbols, inflectional morphemes, functions words & syntactic structures.
Meaning: Semantics-------------- WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
Semantics is the study of meaning potential encoded in lang. This is what we would learn about a particular form if we...