The structure of a word is studied under morphology, which analyzes how words are formed and organized using smaller meaningful units. A word consists of morphemes, the smallest units of meaning. These morphemes are classified into two main types: free morphemes and bound morphemes. Free morphemes can stand alone as words, such as “book” or “run,” while bound morphemes must attach to other morphemes, such as prefixes and suffixes like
Meaning representation in Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to the process of converting natural language into a formal structure that a machine can understand and reason about. It involves representing the semantics of words, phrases, and sentences using logical forms, semantic networks, frames, or predicate logic. The goal is to capture the intended meaning of a sentence rather than just its syntactic structure.
The
a) What is parsing?
Parsing is the process of analyzing sentence structure using grammar rules to determine syntactic relationships between words.
b) Define an N-gram in language modeling.
An N-gram is a contiguous sequence of N words used to predict next word probabilities in language models.
c) What is difference between cohesion and coherence?
Cohesion refers to grammatical linking of words, while coherence refers to logical and meaningful connection across sentences.
d) Define Smoothing.
Smoothing
*Justice
*Meaning*: Justice is the ideal of fairness in society. The Preamble aims to secure _Social, Economic and Political Justice_ for all citizens.
*Types*:
- *Social Justice*: No discrimination on caste, religion, gender. Equal status and dignity. _Articles 14-18, 38_.
- *Economic Justice*: Fair wealth distribution, adequate livelihood, no exploitation. _Article 39(b)(c)_.
- *Political Justice*: Equal political rights, one person one vote. _Articles 325, 326_.
*Key Case*: _Kesavananda Bharati
1.Explain the Candidate-Elimination algorithm with a suitable example. Describe how the version space is maintained.
The Candidate-Elimination Algorithm is a concept learning method in Machine Learning that identifies all hypotheses consistent with the training data. Instead of finding just one hypothesis, it maintains a version space—the set of all hypotheses that correctly classify the observed examples.
The version space lies between two boundaries:
S (Specific boundary)
EXPERIMENT 4 — DETECTION OF COLIFORM BACTERIA IN WATER
-Adoption Process- innovators early adopters early majority late majority laggards
-Administered VMS- coordination through size/power not ownership
-Advertising- paid nonpersonal promotion by sponsor
-Advertising Agency- firm that plans+executes ads
-Advertising Budget Methods- affordable percentage sales competitive parity objective task
-Advertising Objectives- informative persuasive reminder
-Advertising Strategy- message creation+media selection
-AI in Marketing- analyzing data for better decisions
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Strategic Planning-Process of creating a long-term fit between company goals, capabilities, and market opportunities--Mission Statement-Defines company purpose and emphazises strengths and customer experience. SBU- A division, product line or single product Brand--BCG Growth Share Matrix- uses market growth(attractiveness) +market share (strength)>>>categories STAR: HIGH GROWTH, HIGH SHARE CASHCOW:LOW GROWTH, HIGH SHARE QUESTION MARKS: HIGH GROWTH LOW SHARE DOGS: LOW GROWTH LOW SHARE---