Q1. Explain DES Structure.
DES (Data Encryption Standard) is a symmetric key block cipher used for data encryption. It encrypts 64-bit plaintext using a 56-bit secret key.
DES uses a 16-round Feistel structure. The plaintext first undergoes initial permutation and is divided into left and right halves. In every round, the right half is processed using a round function and XORed with the left half. After 16 rounds, final permutation is performed to generate ciphertext.
A Pattern of Destruction: Genocide and the Eight Stages Model
Throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, genocides did not happen overnight. In 1996, political scientist Gregory Stanton introduced the Eight Stages of Genocide, a framework that breaks down how genocide develops: Classification, Symbolization, Dehumanization, Organization, Polarization, Preparation, Extermination, and Denial. Looking at the Armenian, Holocaust, Cambodian, Rwandan, Bosnian, and Darfur genocides, it is clear
1. Judge: Judges keep trials fair, stay neutral, handle objections, and decide punishments. UK judges still wear wigs.
2.witness: speak in the witness box and must tell the truth. Lying under oath is a serious crime called perjury. In the US, defendants can refuse to testify.
3.prosecution: tries to prove the accused is guilty. In criminal cases, the state brings charges for serious crimes. In civil cases, a plaintiff sues for compensation. No one goes to jail in civil cases.
4.defendant: is
Listen to the recording "Computer Science Basics: Programming Languages". Choose the correct options to make true sentences Points: 3
operate differently from one another
with vehicles
web developer
Listen to the recording once again and complete the sentences. Points: 4
... and directions
... like desktop
... more complex graphics
Choose the correct options from the table to complete the sentences below. Points: 10
... unauthorised access
... from malware
| System | Country | Coverage | Key Feature | Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GPS | USA | Global | 31 sats, L1/L2/L5 | Military, civilian |
| GLONASS | Russia | Global | 24 sats, high latitude | Arctic regions |
| Galileo | Europe | Global | Civilian controlled | SAR, timing |
| BeiDou | China | Global | 35+ sats, messaging | Asia transport |
| NavIC | India | Regional | 7 sats, L5 & S band | Disaster, military |
| Feature | Static | Rapid Static | Kinematic |
|---|
Unit – I
1. Electronic Commerce
Electronic Commerce or E-Commerce refers to buying and selling goods and services through electronic networks, mainly the internet. It includes online shopping, online banking, electronic payments, ticket booking, and digital communication between businesses and customers. E-Commerce helps businesses reach customers worldwide without physical boundaries. It reduces paperwork, saves time, and improves efficiency. Companies use websites and mobile applications to
1. Pushbroom Architecture Pushbroom scanners use CCD or CMOS arrays consisting of thousands of detectors aligned perpendicular to flight direction. Each detector continuously images a specific ground pixel line as satellite moves forward.
2. Detector Material Types Silicon CCD is used for visible/NIR (0.4–1.1 µm), InGaAs for SWIR (1–1.7 µm), and Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) for thermal infrared. Each
Divergent evolution occurs when two or more related species become more different from each other over time, usually due to different environmental pressures. This results in the development of different adaptations that suit their environments. Example: Darwin’s Finches on the Galápagos Islands are an example of divergent evolution. Although they all evolved from a common ancestor, the finches’ beaks became specialized for different food sources on each island, leading to the formation of
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