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This covers the core arithmetic operations in digital logic, which are fundamental to how computers process data.
1. Binary Arithmetic
Binary arithmetic uses only the digits 0 and 1. The key difference from decimal arithmetic is that a carry is generated when the sum reaches 2 (which is 10_2).
A. Binary Addition
| Rule | Description |
|---|---|
| 0 + 0 | 0 (Carry 0) |
| 0 + 1 | 1 (Carry 0) |
| 1 + 0 | 1 (Carry 0) |
| 1 + 1 | 0 (Carry 1 to the next position) |
| 1 + 1 + 1 | 1 (Carry 1 to the next position)

This is a great request covering two fundamental areas of digital communications and computing!
1. Error Detecting and Correcting Codes
Error control codes are essential for ensuring data integrity during transmission or storage by adding redundancy (extra bits) to the original data.
A. Error Detection Codes
These codes can only signal that an error has occurred but cannot determine the location of the error to fix it.
| Code | Principle | Capability |
|---|---|---|
| Parity Check (Simplest) | An extra

1. Leg uit hoe aarde begon van begin tot de bouw van concentrische cirkels
Ongeveer 4,6 miljard jaar geleden ontstond de aarde uit een verdichtende gas- en stofwolk. De jonge aarde was volledig heet en vloeibaar waardoor de zware metalen naar het centrum zonken en de lichtere stoffen bovenaan bleven drijven. Door deze scheiding ontstond de concentrische opbouw van de aarde met een lichte vaste korst, daaronder de mantel waarvan de asthenosfeer taai-vloeibaar is, en nog dieper de vloeibare buitenkern

दोनों व्यक्तित्वों ने आधुनिक हिन्दुस्तानी संगीत को “शास्त्र” और “संस्था” देने में निर्णायक भूमिका निभाई। संक्षेप में, भातखंडे ने सिद्धांत–संरचना और लिखित पद्धति को व्यवस्थित किया, जबकि पालतुस्कर

Meaning and Definition of e-Governance: Meaning of eGovernance: *e-Governance means the use of digital

technology and ICT by the government.*It helps in

delivering government services through online

platforms.*In digital education, it supports the

management and delivery of education services

electronically.*It connects students, teachers, institutions,

and government departments digitally.*The main aim is to

make education efficient, transparent, and accessible.

Definition of e-Governance:*e-Governance

Why protection is needed
In multitasking or multi‑user systems, two programs might try to use the same memory at the same time, which can corrupt data or crash the system.
Protection mechanisms isolate user programs from each other and from the OS, and also help detect bugs by checking whether each memory access and instruction obeys certain safety rules.
Overview of 80386 protection
80386 has four protection levels (0–3), where 0 is most trusted (OS kernel) and 3 is least trusted (user apps).
It

Here are the solutions to the questions presented in the images, based on the provisions of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1961.
Q. 2. Income Tax is charged on the Previous year Income. Do you agree? If not Give exceptions.
Agreement: Yes, I agree. The fundamental principle is that income earned in the Previous Year (P.Y.) is taxed in the next financial year, known as the Assessment Year (A.Y.).
Exceptions to the General Rule (P.Y. Income Taxed in P.Y.)
In certain specific cases, income is assessed and