• Converts low-octane naphtha into high-octane reformate used for gasoline and aromatics.

• Feed is mixed with hydrogen, heated and passed over catalyst in fixed-bed reactors.

• Major reactions are dehydrogenation to aromatics, isomerization to branched paraffins and mild hydrocracking.

• Operating conditions are 450–520 °C temperature and 10–45 atm pressure.

• Catalyst used is platinum on alumina or bimetallic Pt–Re on alumina.

• Main products are reformate, hydrogen, LPG and light hydrocarbons.

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is a public-key cryptography technique based on the mathematics of elliptic curves over finite fields.
It is widely used in blockchain systems such as Bitcoin and Ethereum for generating secure public-private key pairs and digital signatures.
The main advantage of ECC is that it provides high security with smaller key sizes, making it faster and more efficient. Mathematical Equation of ECC The general equation of an elliptic curve is:

y2=x3+ax+by^2 = x^3 + ax + by2=

Q. Orthotic treatment of lumbar & thoracic conditions;

Here's a 500-word essay on Orthotic Treatment of Lumbar & Thoracic Conditions Using Spinal Orthotics, with a conclusion included:

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Orthotic Treatment of Lumbar and Thoracic Conditions Using Spinal Orthotics

Spinal orthoses, or back braces, play a critical role in the non-surgical management of various thoracic and lumbar spine conditions. These devices are designed to support, align, prevent or correct deformities, and improve function.

Disinfection is the process of destroying or inactivating disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens) from objects, surfaces, water, or environment, so that they cannot cause infection.

Properties of an Ideal Disinfectant- Broad-spectrum., Rapid action., Non-toxic to humans and animals., Stable in storage., Works in presence of organic matter.

Economical and easy to use.

Types of Disinfection
1. Physical Methods Heat: Boiling water., Steam under pressure ., Dry heat.

Radiation: UV rays ., Sunlight

Lining of Tunnels

Purpose of Lining:

 Support tunnel structure.

Prevent water ingress.

 Improve durability.

Types of Lining:

Concrete, shotcrete, steel, or masonry.

Sections of Tunnel Lining:

 Crown: Top of the tunnel.

Inverts: Bottom of the tunnel.

 Walls: Sides of the tunnel.

1. Selection Criteria for Rock in Foundation Construction (Any Five)

• Strength and Load-Bearing Capacity – Must withstand loads without failure; high compressive strength preferred.
• Durability – Resistance

Describe in detail different Machine Learning models used.

1. Geometric Models  Geometric models represent data as points in a multidimensional space. Learning in these models involves finding geometric structures like hyperplanes, clusters, or nearest neighbors that can separate or classify the data. These models rely on the distance between data points, vector spaces, and geometric transformations. Example: Linear Classifiers (Perceptron, Logistic Regression, SVM) Nearest Neighbor Classifiers

Protein Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, Growth retardation 1. Obesity 2. Renal overload 3. Gout
Carbohydrates Ketosis, Fatigue, Protein breakdown for energy 1. Obesity 2. Type-2 Diabetes 3. Metabolic syndrome
Fat Essential fatty acid deficiency → Dry skin, Poor wound healing, Growth failure 1. Obesity 2. Atherosclerosis 3. Fatty liver
Calcium Rickets, Osteoporosis, Tetany 1. Hypercalcemia 2. Kidney stones
Iron Iron-deficiency anemia 1. Hemochromatosis 2. Liver damage 3. Heart damage
Iodine Goiter, Cretinism,