Hacker: someone who seeks to understand how systems work and finds ways to make them do things they weren’t originally designed to do. Security depends on maintenance and verification, not trust.Social Engineering:anipulating people into revealing confidential info(pretexting,phishing,smishing, etc). Encryption:converts plaintext to ciphertext.Decryption:restores plaintext using key.Cipher: algorithm pair for encryption + decryption.Key: secret value that controls the cipher. DES(56bits,outdated)
| Goal | Key Question | Example | Models |
| Prediction | "What will happen?" | Accurately flagging spam emails. | Random Forest, GBM, SVM |
| Attribution | "Why does this happen?" | Identifying which ad campaign had a significant impact on sales. | Logistic/Linear Regression |
| Estimation | "What is the true relationship?" | Modeling the true dose-response curve of a new drug. | Logistic/Linear Regression |
Q7
Suit of Civil Nature
A suit of civil nature refers to a legal dispute that involves a claim or question of a civil nature, such as:
1. Property rights: Disputes related to ownership, possession, or title of property.
2. Contractual disputes: Disputes arising from contracts, agreements, or obligations.
3. Tortious claims: Claims for damages for wrongful acts, such as negligence or defamation.
4. Personal rights: Disputes related to personal rights, such as marriage, divorce, or inheritance.
## Exclusion
Clearing and Settlement Process in Indian Capital Markets
Introduction – Clearing and settlement is the backbone of the securities market. It ensures that every trade executed on the stock exchange is completed safely and efficiently – the buyer receives the securities and the seller receives the funds. In India, the equity market follows a T+1 rolling settlement cycle, meaning settlement takes place one working day after the trade.
Step 1: Trade Execution (T Day) – The process begins
Q1
The Civil Procedure Code (CPC) recognizes several types of jurisdiction, which determine a court's authority to hear and decide cases. Here are the main kinds:
Types of Jurisdiction
- Subject-Matter Jurisdiction: Refers to a court's authority to hear cases of a specific type. For example, a Rent Controller can't decide divorce cases, and Consumer Forums handle cases related to consumer rights and disputes.
- Pecuniary Jurisdiction: Based on the monetary value of the claim. Different courts handle
1) Define Data Structure. Explain different categories of Data Structure.
A **data structure** is a specialized way of organizing, storing, and managing data in a computer to enable efficient access, manipulation, and operations. It defines how data is stored and the relationships between data elements.
Data structures are categorized into two main types:
- **Primitive Data Structures**: Basic building blocks like integers, floats, characters, and booleans, which handle simple data types directly
...Predicate logic, also known as first-order logic (FOL), extends propositional logic by allowing
representation of objects, their properties, and the relationships between them.
It is widely used in knowledge representation in AI because it can express complex facts, rules,
and structures beyond simple true/false propositions
Key Components:
● Predicates: Functions that express properties or relationships.
○ Example: Father(John, Mary)
Explain instanciate/instance is a relationship.
In Artificial Intelligence and knowledge representation, the "instance" or "instantiates" relationship describes the connection between an individual object (an instance) and the class or concept (the type) it belongs to.
Explanation of Instance Relationship
- An **instance** is a specific object or entity that belongs to a broader category or class. For example, "Snoopy" is an instance of the class "Dog."
- The **instantiates** relation links this