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Explain any three data decomposition technique with example 1. Functional Decomposition This is the process of taking a complex process and breaking it down into its individual functions or tasks. It focuses on what the system does rather than how the data is structured. In engineering and software, this results in a hierarchy of functions where the top level is the broad goal and the lower levels are specific operations. Example: Imagine designing an Automated Teller Machine (ATM). 2. Work Breakdown

1. What do you mean by Van’t Hoff factor?
Answer:
The Van’t Hoff factor (i) is defined as the ratio of the actual number of particles present in a solution after dissociation or association to the number of particles originally dissolved.
It helps explain the abnormal values of colligative properties caused by dissociation or association of solute molecules.
Expression
Example:
When NaCl dissolves in water, it dissociates into Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions, so the number of particles increases and i ≈ 2.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int n,r,rev=0,sum=0,t;
cin>>n; t=n;
while(n){
r=n%10;
rev=rev*10+r;
sum+=r;
n/=10;
}
cout<<(t==rev?"Palindrome":"Not");
cout<<"\nSum="<<sum;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int a[10][10],b[10][10],c[10][10],r,col;
cin>>r>>col;

for(int i=0;i<r;i++)
for(int j=0;j<col;j++) cin>>a[i][j];

for(int i=0;i<r;i++)
for(int j=0;j<col;j++) cin>>b[i][j];

for(int i=0;i<r;i++)
for(int

GM(explains.how.comp.evolve.as.they.grow)1)growth.through.creativity(startup&early.growth)what.the.comp.looks.likeThis.stage.represnts.the.startupphase.char.:strng.innovation,founders/entrepr.make.most.dec.informal.comm.flex.structure.little.bureaucrFocus:dev.the.product.find.cust.surv.in.the.marketLeadershipcrisis.as.the.comp.grows.employees.incr.operations.become.more.complex.founders.cannot.manage.evrthngThe.founders.may.b.great.innvtrs.but.poor.mngrsThe.comp.needs.professional.mngt.&

1. Perfect Competition vs Monopoly

Ans:  Perfect competition and monopoly are two different types of market structures.
In perfect competition, there are a large number of buyers and sellers. Each firm sells a homogeneous product, meaning all goods are identical. Because there are many sellers, no single firm can influence the market price. Firms are called price takers. Entry and exit of firms are free, and there is perfect knowledge among buyers and sellers.
In contrast, a monopoly is a market

1. Explain Event Handling Model in Java in detail.

== Event Handling is a mechanism that controls events generated by user actions such as mouse click, key press, button click, etc. Java uses the Delegation Event Model. *// Components of Event Handling *//- 1. Event Source : The object that generates an event. Examples: Button, TextField, Frame. *// 2. Event Object : An object that contains information about the event. Examples: ActionEvent, MouseEvent, KeyEvent.*// 3. Event Listener : An interface

list advantaes of dbms ? 

• Reduces Data Redundancy
  DBMS avoids duplication of data. The same data is stored only once, which saves storage space.

• Improves Data Consistency
  When data is updated in one place, it is automatically updated everywhere, so the data remains consistent.

• Data Security
  DBMS provides security by allowing only authorized users to access or modify the data.

• Data Sharing
  Multiple users can access and share the same database at the same time.

• Data Integrity
  DBMS ensures that

L1 – EARTH SHAPE, GRAVITY & SYSTEMS

Earth rotates → centrifugal force → equatorial bulge + polar flattening → oblate ellipsoid. Equatorial r = avg+7km, polar r = avg−7km, avg r = 6371km. Ellipsoid assumes uniform mass distribution but Earth's mass is uneven due to: ice sheets growing/melting, mantle plumes,

variable crust thickness, density differences between oceans and continents.

Gravitation = force caused only by mass attraction. Gravity = gravitation + centrifugal force. Gravity