1. What are the main challenges in NLP?
Ambiguity (lexical, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic)
Context understanding
Sarcasm/irony detection
Multilinguality & low-resource languages
2. Define Sentiment Analysis.
Sentiment analysis is the process of identifying and classifying
opinions or emotions expressed in text as positive, negative,
or neutral.
3. What are chatbots?
Chatbots are AI systems designed to simulate human conversation
through text or voice interactions.
4. Define Machine Translation.
1 Question: A company developing AI-powered hiring software finds the system disproportionately rejects female candidates due to biased training data. What is the most ethically responsible action?
Answer: ✅ Rework the training data to remove bias and improve fairness.
2 Question: A company releases a self-driving car algorithm that was not fully tested, leading to accidents. According to the ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics, what should have been done?
Answer: ✅ The software should have been rigorously
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1. Which of the following best describes a “population code” in neural representation? The combined pattern of activity across a large group of neurons to represent information. 2. Pierre Flourens’ “aggregate field theory” suggested that: The entire forebrain participates as a whole in mental functions. 3. The work of Broca and Wernicke provided strong evidence for: Localization of function, showing that damage to specific areas leads to discrete language impairments. 4. Brodmann’s map
...Data architecture serves as the structural foundation for an organization's data assets. It is a complex framework that governs how data is collected, integrated, and managed. A professional architecture is designed to handle the "3 Vs" of big data: Volume, Velocity, and Variety.
The Multi-Layered Framework
1. Ingestion Layer: This is the "loading dock." It must support Batch Processing (moving large volumes at set times via tools like Apache Sqoop) and Stream Processing (handling real-
CIS 2500 – Exam 1 Clean Sheet (Excel Focused)
Population = all items in the study
Sample = subset of the population
Parameter = numerical value describing a population
Statistic = numerical value describing a
Software Development Life Cycle = Framework that defines how software is developed step by step.
Software Specification
Software Development
Software Validation
Software Evolution
Planning → Requirements Analysis → System Design → Implementation → Testing → Maintenance
Software Process → Phase → Activity → Task
Process Activities Require:
Resources
CH 1 - Covid supply chain disruptions - factory shutdowns, labor shortages, demand fluctuations, port congestion, air freight reduction, border restriction, supplier disruptions, JIT production vulnerability, raw material shortages (critical material bottlenecks), shift to ecommerce (inc in online shopping). OSCM def - the design operation, and improvement of the systems that create and deliver the firm's primary products and services (management of entire production + service delivery). 3 Elements