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Data communication is the exchange of data between devices through a transmission medium.

5 components:

• Sender

• Message

• Transmission medium

• Receiver

• Protocol

Effective communication requires:

• Delivery (correct destination)

• Accuracy (no errors)

• Timeliness (on time)

Telecommunication is communication over long distance.
Data communication = digital data exchange.

Transmission media:

Guided (wired):

• Twisted pair → cheap, short distance, more noise

• Coaxial → better shielding

Explain Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS).

Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) is a powder-based Additive Manufacturing process used for direct metal deposition. It operates using a high-power laser and metal powder feed system. In this process, a focused laser beam creates a molten pool on a metallic substrate. Simultaneously, metal powder is delivered through a nozzle into the melt pool. The injected powder melts instantly and solidifies upon cooling, forming a metallurgically bonded layer.

1. Explain Bezier Surface.

Answer: A Bezier surface is a parametric surface used in computer-aided design for modeling smooth and curved shapes. It is an extension of the Bezier curve into two parameters, generally represented by u and v. A Bezier surface is defined by a grid of control points that influence the shape of the surface. The surface does not necessarily pass through all control points, but its shape is controlled by them.

Bezier surfaces use Bernstein polynomials for mathematical representation.

Adding many cells=SUM

Adding 2 cells=+ or -

Finding typical value= AVERAGE

Finding true middle=MEDIAN

Finding smallest=MIN

Finding largest=MAX

Counting numbers=COUNT

Counting text or anything=COUNTA

Applying rule/condition=IF

Calculating loan payment=PMT

Summarizing multiple sheets=3D SUM

Testing different scenarios=Goal Seek / Data Table

Multiplying by fixed %=Absolute reference ($)

Pakistan's Spare and Nuclear Prosham

a What are function of Rockets Ans Function of Rockets.

In the third stage There is Passload take Place of instrument er of men and instrict Into Space The PayLoad carried may be a mab-made, Satellite design to orbit the earth of a Probe carrying instrument to Explore space of a spare craft with astranhauts heading to carry research ora Other Planets:

Q2 What are satellite, write down the function of satellite

Ans: Satellite

Artificial satellite are man made

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