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Half Adder :- A Half Adder is a basic combinational logic circuit that is used to add two single-bit binary numbers. It produces two outputs called Sum and Carry. It is called a half adder because it does not consider any carry input from a previous stage.

1. Inputs and Outputs:- Inputs: A, B

Outputs:-    Sum (S)     Carry (C)

The operation performed is:-  A + B

2. Working Principle:- • When both input bits are 0, the sum and carry are 0

• When one input is 1 and the other is 0, the sum

1. Social Media Marketing: Fundamentals & Strategy

• Definition: Using social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, etc.) to promote a brand, increase sales, drive traffic, and engage with customers.

• Core Pillars: Connection, Interaction, and Customer Data.

• Strategy Fundamentals:

  1. Set Clear Goals & KPIs: Align SMM goals (e.g., brand awareness, lead generation, customer care) with overall business objectives.

  2. Know Your Audience: Research demographics, interests, and behavior

public static void mergeSort(int[] array) {
    int length = array.length;
    if (length <= 1)
        return;

    int middle = length / 2;
    int[] leftArray = new int[middle];
    int[] rightArray = new int[length - middle];

    int j = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        if (i < middle)
            leftArray[i] = array[i];
        else
            rightArray[j++] = array[i];
    }

    mergeSort(leftArray);
    mergeSort(rightArray);

1. Flip-Flop Characteristic Tables
The Characteristic Table summarizes the behavior of a flip-flop by listing the next state (Q_{n+1}) for all possible combinations of the present state (Q_n) and the input(s). It's derived directly from the operating rules of the flip-flop.
| Present State (Q_n) | Inputs | Next State (Q_{n+1}) | Operation |
|---|---|---|---|
| SR Flip-Flop | S, R |  |  |
| 0 | 0, 0 | 0 | Hold |
| 0 | 0, 1 | 0 | Reset |
| 0 | 1, 0 | 1 | Set |
| 0 | 1, 1 | X (Undefined) | Forbidden |
| 1

Sequential circuits are fundamental components of digital systems, defined by the fact that their output depends not only on the current inputs but also on the past history of inputs (i.e., their current state).
The most basic element of a sequential circuit is the Flip-Flop, which is a 1-bit memory cell.
Here is a detailed explanation of the basic Flip-Flops and their operation:
1. Latches vs. Flip-Flops
Both latches and flip-flops are 1-bit storage elements, but they differ in how they are controlled:

Logic Gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system. They perform logical operations on one or more binary inputs to produce a single binary output.
Here is a breakdown of the common logic gates, including their symbols, Boolean expressions, and truth tables. 
1. Basic Logic Gates
These three gates are the fundamental operations from which all other logical functions are derived.
| Gate | Symbol | Boolean Expression | Output Condition | Truth Table (A, B \rightarrow Y) |
|---|---|---|---

This covers the core arithmetic operations in digital logic, which are fundamental to how computers process data.
1. Binary Arithmetic
Binary arithmetic uses only the digits 0 and 1. The key difference from decimal arithmetic is that a carry is generated when the sum reaches 2 (which is 10_2).
A. Binary Addition
| Rule | Description |
|---|---|
| 0 + 0 | 0 (Carry 0) |
| 0 + 1 | 1 (Carry 0) |
| 1 + 0 | 1 (Carry 0) |
| 1 + 1 | 0 (Carry 1 to the next position) |
| 1 + 1 + 1 | 1 (Carry 1 to the next position)