-> Visible Surface Detection
All these algorithms are known as Visible Surface Detection methods
These methods are also referred as Hidden Surface Elimination methods
Visible surface algorithms attempt to determine the lines, edges, surfaces or volumes that are visible to an observer located at a specific point in a space
Visible surface detection algorithms are classified as:
Object space method
Image space method
-> Object space method:
It compares objects and
hirarchy=>import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import scipy.cluster.hierarchy as sch
import numpy as np
X = np.random.rand(50, 2)
dendrogram = sch.dendrogram(sch.linkage(X, method='ward'))
plt.title('Dendrogram')
plt.show()
from sklearn.cluster import AgglomerativeClustering
hc = AgglomerativeClustering(n_clusters=5, linkage='ward')
print('Cluster assignments:', hc.fit_predict(X))
k means=>import numpy as np
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Using random data as placeholder
X
UNIT-I
1. Generations of Computers
Computers have evolved significantly over time, categorized into generations based on technological advancement. The first generation (1940–1956) relied on vacuum tubes, which made computers bulky, expensive, and heat-prone. These machines used machine language and had limited speed, processing only basic calculations. The second generation (1956–1963) replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, reducing size, cost, and power consumption. Assembly language became
Trabalho com a Rede Secundária: O trabalho com a rede secundária é essencial na proteção de crianças em risco, uma vez que muitos problemas familiares exigem uma intervenção articulada entre várias instituições. O objetivo principal é coordenar esforços, alinhar narrativas e evitar ruturas ou contradições institucionais que prejudicam a intervenção.
O que são as Redes? Rede primária: Pessoas com laços informais com o sujeito/família:
vizinhos, parentes, amigos, colegas.
Rede
Population, Sample, Census: The population of interest is the entire group researchers want to generalize to. A sample is the smaller group that is actually observed or measured. A census collects data from every single member of the population. Population = who you care about. Sample = who you study. Census = everyone in the population. Representative vs. Biased Samples: A representative sample (unbiased) gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected. A biased sample (unrepresentative)
dryer in the pharmaceutical industry is used to dry powders, granules, and other types of materials. It consists of a heated chamber with trays to place materials. The trays are usually stacked one on top of each other, and the drying process is usually done under controlled temperature and humidity conditions.
It is used on large scale in pharmaceutical, chemical, and cosmetic industries to achieve efficient material drying at low cost. Although it is an old method to dry, but it is still used
PEAS: Performance, Environment, Actuators, Sensors
Env Properties:
Fully vs. Partially Observable: full info or no ?
Deterministic vs. Stochastic: Outcome is known or possibility is known(PROB NOT KNOWN=Nondeterministic)
Episodic vs. Sequential: Independant vs in-order (dependent)
Static vs. Dynamic(time✔): No env change vs env change.
Semidynamic: agents are only src of change but time factor
Discrete vs. Continuous: distinct chunks (Chess) or smooth/measurable values (Driving)
Tenses denote the time of an action (Past, Present, or Future) and the aspect (Simple, Continuous, Perfect, or Perfect Continuous) of that action, resulting in 12 basic English tenses.
They are formed by combining one of the three Time Periods with one of the four Aspects.
The 12 English Tenses Chart
The following table summarizes the 12 tenses, their structural formula (using V as the base verb), and their primary use.
| Time Period | Simple Aspect | Continuous (Progressive) Aspect | Perfect Aspect