What is Ratio Analysis? Write any five formulae of it mentioning its use.
1. Introduction
Ratio Analysis is one of the most important tools used in financial analysis. It refers to the quantitative analysis of data present in the financial statements of a company. Ratios are calculated by comparing two or more financial figures to assess a company’s performance, financial health, and operational efficiency.
2. Meaning of Ratio Analysis
Ratio analysis involves the calculation and interpretation
Quality: Fitness for purpose; degree to which software meets requirements.
Quality Assurance (QA): Process-focused, prevents defects by improving development processes.
Quality Control (QC): Product-focused, detects defects through testing.
QA vs QC: QA is preventive (before defects), QC is detective (after defects).
SQA Challenges: Changing requirements, time/budget constraints, tool integration, documentation issues.
Short Note on "Act" (5 Marks)
An Act is a law passed by a legislative body such as the Parliament or State Legislature. Once a Bill is approved by the legislature and gets the President’s or Governor’s assent, it becomes an Act and has the force of law.
It is also called a Statute.
An Act lays down the legal rules applicable to the public.
It is binding on all individuals and authorities within its jurisdiction.
Acts can be substantive (dealing with rights) or procedural (dealing with enforcement)...
Capital Structure Review
Theories (know the implication for each)
M&M:
In 2022, Patagonia restructured its ownership to ensure the company’s mission-driven strategy would outlive its founder:
Cancer Unit
Different types of cancers and where they originate
Melanoma= skin
Leukemia = white blood cell in bone marrow
Carcinoma= Lining of internal organ or skin
sarcoma= connective tissue
Lymphona= cells and tissue of the immune system
Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotic Cells=Bacteria and Archaea,
DNA, but no nucleus (have a nucleoidregion).
Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
Plasma Membrane (barrier betweenoutside and inside)
Cytoplasm (fluid inside cell)
Cell...
1. Basic Concepts
Population: Entire group of interest
Sample: Subset of population
Parameter: Describes population (e.g., μ)
Statistic: Describes sample (e.g., x̄)
Descriptive Statistics: Organizing/summarizing data
Inferential Statistics: Drawing conclusions about population from sample
2. Data Types & Measurement Levels
Level Properties Examples
Nominal Categories only Gender, colors
Ordinal Ordered categories Ratings (good/fair/poor)
Interval Ordered, equal intervals, no tru zero Temperature...
Q.3 What are the differences between NameNode and DataNode?
NameNode is the master node in HDFS, while DataNode is the slave node.
NameNode stores metadata like file names, directory structure, permissions, etc.
DataNode stores the actual data blocks of the files.
NameNode manages the namespace and regulates access to files.
DataNode performs read and write operations on HDFS blocks.
There is only one active NameNode (with a standby for high availability).
There are usually many DataNodes
Labor Economics Comprehensive Review Guide
Firms hire workers up 2 the point where the wage equals the Value of Marginal Product (VMP).
VMP = P × MP (where P = price of output, MP = marginal product of labor)
Downward-sloping labor demand due 2 diminishing marginal returns 2 labor.
Labor supply reflects the tradeoff between leisure & work.
Reservation wage: the minimum wage a person is willing 2 accept 4