TRH (hypothalamus) → stimulates TSH (anterior pituitary) → stimulates T3/T4 release (thyroid)
T3 = active, T4 = prohormone
Feedback loop: T3/T4 inhibit TRH + TSH
T3/T4 actions:
↑ Metabolic rate, HR, cardiac output
↑ Oxygen use, lipolysis, glucose metabolism
CNS effects (mood), reproductive effects
Iodide uptake → oxidation to iodine → binds to thyroglobulin
1. Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs)
Definition
Shape Memory Alloys R metallic materials that can recover their original shape after deformation when exposed 2 a specific stimulus, usually heat.
The most common example is Nickel-Titanium (Nitinol), known 4 its shape memory & superelastic behavior.
Mechanism
a. Phase Transformation
SMAs operate through a solid-state transformation between 2 phases:
Q. Briefly explain nitrogen cycle with diagram.
Ans:- The nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical process where nitrogen, is converted between different chemical forms as it moves through the living and non-living organisms. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the nitrogen balance in ecosystems.
Stages of the Nitrogen Cycle
The nitrogen cycle consists of several important steps:
1. Nitrogen Fixation
2. Nitrification
3. Assimilation
4. Ammonification (Decay)
5. Denitrification
1. Nitrogen...
Explain array implementation of list. 5 marks
An array implementation of a list involves using a contiguous block of memory to store elements, allowing for efficient access and manipulation. Here’s a breakdown of the key aspects of this implementation:
1.) Structure:
°An array is a fixed-size data structure that holds elements of the same type. In the context of a list, an array can be used to store the list elements in sequential memory locations.
°The size of the array is typically defined
Define ADT. Explain array as an ADT? (2+3 marks)
An Abstract Data Type (ADT) is a conceptual model that defines a set of operations and behaviors for a data structure, without specifying the underlying implementation details. Arrays, as an ADT, define how data is organized and accessed through indices, but not how it's actually stored in memory.
Arrays as an ADT
-An array ADT defines a collection of elements that can be accessed by their index (position).
-Common operations on an array ADT
Nutrition: Nutrition is the biochemical and physiological processes by which an organism uses food support its life.
Health: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and absence of disease.
Type of Health:
1. Physical Health 2. Social Health 3. Spiritual Health 4. Emotional Health
1. Physical Health: It is define as the state in which every cell and every organ is functioning at optimum capicity and imperfect hormony will the rest of the body. The physical
Q1) Salient Features of the Indian Constitution: It is a written and lengthy Constitution, one of the longest in the world. It has a blend of rigidity and flexibility, where some parts are easily amendable while others need a special majority. It adopts the Parliamentary form of government modeled after the British system. The Constitution provides a federal system with a unitary bias, meaning powers are divided between the Centre and States but the Centre holds dominance. It ensures an independent
Written and Lengthy Constitution – It’s one of the longest constitutions in the world.
Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility – Some parts can be amended easily, others require a special majority.
Parliamentary Form of Government – Modeled after the British system.
Federal System with Unitary Bias – Powers are divided between Centre and States, but Centre holds more power.
Independent Judiciary – Judiciary is impartial and has the
A Message Authentication Code (MAC) is a small block of data generated using a secret key and the original message. It is used to ensure data integrity and authenticity.
The sender computes the MAC using a secret key and sends it along with the message.
The receiver re-computes the MAC using the same key and compares it with the received MAC.
If they match, the message is considered authentic and unaltered.
...MAC ≠ Hash
MAC uses a key, while a regular hash