jitendra

Q -- What is a uterine fibroid. Describe. its management.

What is a Uterine Fibroid?

Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas or myomas, are non-cancerous (benign) tumors that develop in or on the uterus. They arise from the smooth muscle tissue of the uterus and are very common, especially in women of reproductive age.


Characteristics:

  • Size: Can range from very small (like a pea) to large masses that distort the uterus.

  • Number: A woman may have a single fibroid or multiple fibroids.

  • Location:

...

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jitendra

Q -- How you will control haemorrhage. what are the indicators and hazards of blood transfusion.

Control of Haemorrhage (Bleeding)

Controlling haemorrhage involves stopping the bleeding, maintaining circulation, and preventing shock. The approach depends on the type and severity of bleeding:


🔹 Types of Haemorrhage:

  1. External haemorrhage – visible bleeding from a wound.

  2. Internal haemorrhage – bleeding inside the body.

  3. Arterial – bright red, spurting blood.

  4. Venous – dark red,

...

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jitendra

Q  --- Explain etiopathogenesis of psoriasis.

The etiopathogenesis of psoriasis involves a complex interaction between genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors that lead to chronic skin inflammation and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes.


✅ 1. Genetic Predisposition

  • Psoriasis is a polygenic disease (multiple genes involved).

  • HLA-Cw6 is the most strongly associated gene (especially in early-onset psoriasis).

  • Other genes involved:

    • PSORS1–9 (psoriasis susceptibility loci)

    • Genes

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jitendra

Q --Define spina bifida and its sign, symptoms, complication.

Spina bifida is a neural tube defect (NTD) that occurs when the spinal column does not close completely during early fetal development, usually within the first month of pregnancy. This condition can lead to physical and neurological complications, depending on the type and severity.


Definition:

Spina bifida is a congenital defect in which the vertebrae fail to close around the spinal cord, leading to an opening in the spine. It can...

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jitendra

Q  -- Describe the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management of meningitis.

Here's a comprehensive overview of meningitis, covering etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management:


MENINGITIS


1. Etiopathogenesis

Meningitis refers to inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It may be caused by infectious or non-infectious agents.

Etiology:

  • Infectious causes:

    • Bacterial (most serious form):

      • Neonates: Group

...

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jitendra

Q --- Describe the mechanism of heart failure and describe the management of heart failure. 

Mechanism of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome that occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood sufficiently to meet the metabolic needs of the body, or can only do so with elevated filling pressures. It can result from structural or functional cardiac disorders.


Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure can be classified into:

  1. Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

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jitendra

Q -- Describe the mechanism of heart failure and describe the management

Mechanism of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body. It results from structural or functional cardiac disorders that impair the ability of the ventricles to fill with or eject blood.


🔬 Pathophysiology / Mechanism of Heart Failure

Heart failure can be broadly classified into:

1. Systolic Heart Failure (HFrEF –

...

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jitendra

Q --- Etiology and clinical features of infective endocarditis

Infective Endocarditis (IE)


Etiology (Causes)

Infective endocarditis is an infection of the endocardial surface of the heart, usually involving the heart valves. It is caused by microorganisms, primarily bacteria and occasionally fungi.

Common Causative Organisms

  1. Bacteria:

    • Staphylococcus aureus (most common overall, especially in acute IE and IV drug users)

    • Viridans group streptococci (common in subacute IE, especially after dental

...

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jitendra

Q -- Define pain gate theory and its uses.

Pain Gate Theory (also known as the Gate Control Theory of Pain) is a scientific theory that explains how pain is perceived and modulated by the nervous system. It was first proposed by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall in 1965.


Definition:

Pain Gate Theory suggests that pain signals from the body do not travel directly to the brain. Instead, they pass through a "gate" mechanism in the spinal cord, specifically in the dorsal horn. This gate can either allow...

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