Operators:
Arithmetic: +,-,*,/,%
Relation: ==, !=,>,<.>=,<=
Logic: &&, || , !
Assignment: =, +=, -=,*=,/=,?=
Increment: ++, --
Order of operations (),*, /,%,+,-,<>,==,!=
ASCII:
lowercase to upper : 'x' - 32
upercase to lower ; 'x' +32
| Data Types | example | size | format |
|---|---|---|---|
| int | int age = 19; | 4 bytes | %d |
| float | float a = 3.7; | 4 bytes | %f |
| double | double pi - 3.1415..; | 8 bytes | %1F |
| char | char grader = 'a'; | 1 byte | %c |
| string | char name [20] = "pierre" |
1. Energy & Systems (Week 3–4)
Energy is a real, quantifiable physical quantity
Exists in many forms:
Kinetic, Potential, Thermal, Electromagnetic, Nuclear, Chemical, Sound
Energy can change form, but total energy is conserved
Open system: exchanges both energy AND mass
Closed system: exchanges energy only
Isolated system: exchanges neither energy nor mass
Scale & Duration matter
A system may look isolated on short timescales but open on long ones.
2. Sound energy is described by intensity
Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta, was an ancient Indian polymath, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor. He served as the chief advisor to the founder of the Maurya Empire, Chandragupta Maurya (c. 375–283 BCE).
Key Work: The Arthashastra (c. 3rd century BCE).
Main Contributions:
Political Science and Statecraft: The Arthashastra is a seminal text on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. Kautilya's philosophy revolves around the
How to answer: 1. If going from °C → K: add 273. 2. If going from K → °C: subtract 273.
How to answer: 1. Look at irradiance graph. 2. Higher irradiance = more sunlight. 3. More sunlight = warmer.
The debate between biological determinism and social constructivism lies at the heart of feminist theory because it concerns the very basis on which gender inequality is justified and reproduced. Biological determinism argues that men and women behave differently because of innate biological differences—chromosomes, reproductive roles, hormones or evolutionary instincts. This perspective historically
This unit explores how consumers make choices to maximize their satisfaction.
Utility: The want-satisfying power of a commodity.
Cardinal Utility: Assumes utility can be measured numerically (e.g., in 'Utils'). This is the basis for the Marginal Utility Analysis.
Ordinal Utility: Assumes utility can only be ranked or compared (e.g., first, second, third preference). This is the basis for the Indifference Curve Analysis.
NoSQL databases are broadly categorized into different types, with document-based and column-based models being among the most widely used. Document-based databases, such as MongoDB, store data in flexible, self-describing documents—typically in JSON or BSON format—allowing complex, nested structures and varying fields for different records within the same collection. This flexibility supports agile development and easy mapping to application objects, making it ideal for applications with evolving
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