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European Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) – Gas Exchange in a Terrestrial Insect:

The European honey bee, belonging to the class Insecta, is a highly active terrestrial invertebrate that inhabits dry, open environments and relies on intense aerobic metabolism to support its energy-demanding behaviours, such as sustained flight, foraging, thermoregulation, and colony maintenance. Unlike mammals or fish, insects do not rely on a circulatory system to transport oxygen. Instead, the honey bee uses atracheal

Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) – Gas Exchange in an Aquatic Bony Fish:

The Chinook salmon, a member of the class Actinopterygii (ray-finned bony fishes), is an anadromous species native to the cold rivers and coastal waters of the North Pacific Ocean. This species begins life in freshwater streams, migrates to marine environments for adult life, and later returns to freshwater to spawn. Living in an aquatic environment poses considerable physiological challenges for gas exchange, primarily

🧬 Purpose of Gas Exchange

Gas exchange is the biological process through which organisms obtain oxygen from their environment and expel carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration. Oxygen is essential for aerobic respiration, which produces ATP, the energy currency of cells. Without a constant supply of oxygen and efficient removal of CO₂, cells cannot perform metabolic functions, leading to organismal failure. Different animal groups have evolved diverse gas exchange systems, finely

🧠 I. Reflex Activity: Definition and Physiology

• Reflex: An involuntary, automatic response to a peripheral stimulus, involving either motor or secretory action.

• Function: Crucial for adaptation to internal/external changes.

• Depends on: Integrity of the reflex arc – disruption at any level abolishes the reflex.

🧬 II. The Reflex Arc: Components

1. Receptor organ – transforms a stimulus into nerve impulses.

2. Afferent neuron – conducts the impulse to the CNS.

3. Integration center

#what is css ? Discuss type of css with example.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a stylesheet language used to control the look and formatting of HTML elements on a webpage. It separates content (HTML) from presentation (design), allowing for better flexibility and control in web development. CSS is used to define styles such as: *Font size and color *Layout and positioning *Backgrounds and borders *Animations and transitions.

There are three main types of CSS: 1. Inline CSS *Applied directly to