Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process of breakdown of glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm of cells to produce energy. It is the first and most important pathway of carbohydrate metabolism and occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In this pathway, one molecule of glucose containing six carbon atoms is converted into two molecules of pyruvate containing three carbon atoms each through a series of enzymatic reactions. During glycolysis, energy is released in the form of ATP and NADH. The
Aristotle’s three laws of thought
Law of Identity: States that A is A, something can only be that which it is and things cannot have more than 1 identity |Law of Non-Contradiction: States that a proposition cannot be true AND false at the same time and in the same respect Ex: Butch is married to Barb but Barb is not married to Butch. If this is true, it cannot be false at the same time, the proposition cannot be true AND false |Law of the Excluded Middle : A proposition is either true OR false
A Half Adder is a combinational logic circuit that adds two single-bit binary numbers. It produces two outputs: Sum (S) and Carry (C). It is called 'half' adder because it cannot handle carry from previous additions. Logic Expressions: Sum (S) = A XOR B = A B -Carry (C) = A ANDB = A·B Full Adder is a combinational circuit that adds three one-bit binary numbers: A, B, and Carry-in (Cin). It produces two outputs: Sum (S) and Carry-out (Cout). Full adders are used to build multi-bit adder circuits.
autogenous bone grafts: 1)Intraoral: edentulous ridge, lingual ridge of mand., retromolar area, maxillary tuberosity, extraction socket, ostectomy-2)Extraoral: hip marrow, iliac crest, tibia/Indications GTR: 1)Alveolar ridge augmentation-2)Alveolar ridge preservation-3)Augmenting max. sinus for implant-4)Augmenting bone to stabilize implant-5)Recession-6)Intrabony defect-7)Furcation class2/Factors influence clinical outcomes GTR: 1)Patient health-2)Patient compliance-3)Smoking-4)Tooth mobility-5)
...Selection flap design depend:1)Surgical anatomy-2)Extension problem-3)Need change flap position-4)remove bone or no-5)Esthetic concern-6)Protection donor site/Class periodontal flap:A)Flap elevation:1)Full thickness-2)Partial thickness/B)Flap management:1)Split papilla flap-2)Papilla preservation flap/C)Flap placement:1)Undisplaced-2)Apically positioned-3)Coronally/Types mucoperiosteal flap:A)Envelope/sulcular-B)3 corner-C)4 corner/Indication gingivectomy:1)Suprabony pocket-2)Furc inv-3)gingival
...Chx mechanism:1)chx +ve charge,bacteria -ve-2)bind w phosphate grp bacteria-3)alter osmotic press-4)cell lysis/Therapeutic uses CHX:1)Adjunct mech oral hyg-2)AcuteNG-3)after perio surg-4)Effect fungi & virus/Side effect CHX:1)Brown discolo-2)Bitter taste-3)Mucosal erosion/methods cheml control subg plaque:A)Subgingival irrigation-B)Controlled release device(local deliv):1)Actisite tetracycline-2)Arestin minocycline-3)Atridox doxycycline-4)Dentomycin minocycline-5)Periochip CHX-6)Elyzol Metronidazole-
...treatment plan goals:A)Immediate:1)Eliminate dis-2)oral cavity state health-3)Arrest disease progrB)Intermediate:1)Reconstruc healthy dent-2)esthetic requirements-3)Endo,ortho,prioC)Long term:1)Maintain oral health-2)Professional supportive therapy/phases perio therapy:A)Preliminary(emergencyB)Phase I(nonsurg):1)Preliminary scaling-2)Scaling & root planning-3)Antimicrobial therapy-4)Diet control-5)Patient motiv-6)iatrogenic-7)Deep caries-8)Occlusal adj-9)Hopeless tC)Phase 2(surg):1)Pocket>
...POISONING >A poison is any substance that, when ingested, inhaled, absorbed, applied to skin, or produced within the body in relatively small amounts, injures the body by its chemical action.
The branch of medicine that deals with the detection and treatment of poisons is known as toxicology.
Poisoning represents the harmful effects on the human body of accidental or intentional exposure to toxic amounts of any substance
TYPES OF POISONING Ingestion Inhalation Injection
Absorption
The effect