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CS5340
1. BAYESIAN NETWORKS (DIRECTED MODELS)
Joint Probability Factorization:
P(X₁,X₂,...,Xₙ) = Π P(Xᵢ | parents(Xᵢ))
Variable Types:
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Observed: User inputs, sensor measurements (Uₜ, Zₜ)
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Latent/Hidden: States, landmarks (Xₜ, L)
Example Factorization:
P(uₜ,l,xₜ,xₜ₊₁,zₜ,zₜ₊₁) = P(uₜ)P(l)P(xₜ|uₜ)P(xₜ₊₁|xₜ)P(zₜ|xₜ,l)P(zₜ₊₁|l,xₜ₊₁)
2. CONDITIONAL INDEPENDENCE & D-SEPARATION
Blocking Rules:
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Chain (A→B→C)
GEX 1010
Hints questions
1. Difference between proximate and ultimate factors. Give examples.
Ultimate factors are deep, underlying causes of development differences- things that shape history over thousands of years. Proximate factors are the immediate mechanisms through which these ultimate factors influence outcomes.
Ultimate factors examples:Geography (climate, animals, crops), Continental orientation, Disease environment
Proximate factors examples:Technology, Institutions (property rights,
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1. Informes de la Verdad (Guatemala) – Resumen
Los Informes de la Verdad surgieron después de la firma de la Paz en 1996, con el objetivo de investigar y dar a conocer la violencia y violaciones a los derechos humanos durante el Conflicto Armado Interno.
MINUGUA verificó el cumplimiento de los Acuerdos y los informes más importantes fueron REMHI y CEH, donde miles de víctimas dieron sus testimonios para evitar la repetición de estos hechos.
2. REMHI – Guatemala: Nunca Más – Resumen
El...
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| Artículo | Bien Jurídico Tutelado | Verbo Rector Principal | Pena Establecida |
|---|---|---|---|
| 201 | Libertad Individual | Plagiar o secuestrar; amenazar o privar (de la libertad) | Prisión de veinticinco a cincuenta años. Prisión de veinte a cuarenta años (cómplices o encubridores). Prisión de 20 a 40 años y multa de Q.50,000.00 a Q.100,000.00 (en otros casos de privación o amenaza). |
| 201 Bis | Libertad y Seguridad de la Persona | Inflija (intencionalmente dolores o sufrimientos graves) | Prisión de veinticinco |
fisica
La dinámica de fluidos es una rama de la física que se encarga del estudio de los fluidos y su comportamiento en diferentes condiciones.
Los fluidos como el agua y el aire, son sustancias que pueden fluir y adaptarse a la forma de los recipientes que los contienen.
El término viscosidad es una propiedad de los fluidos que se relaciona con su resistencia al flujo.
También podemos mencionar conceptos importantes como la presión que se define como la relación entre la fuerza ejercida sobre una superficie
Exam
The decline of the Mughal Empire was a complex process resulting from a combination of political, economic, administrative, military, and social factors that unfolded primarily after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. The causes can be broadly categorized as follows for a BA 3rd semester examination answer.
Causes of the Decline of the Mughal Empire
I. Political and Administrative Factors
Weak Successors: Aurangzeb's death was followed by a series of weak, inefficient, and short-reigning emperors who
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The Portrait Of A Lady
Long Answer – The Character of the Grandmother / Relationship / Theme of Changes
Khushwant Singh’s “The Portrait of a Lady” presents a touching and realistic portrait of the narrator’s grandmother, who is shown as a deeply religious, kind-hearted, and disciplined woman. She is described as an old, short, slightly bent lady whose face is marked with countless wrinkles, making the narrator feel that she had always been the same age. Her white clothes, rosary, and
engrlek
Spike Jonze’s Her (2013) and Jonathan Demme’s The Silence of the Lambs (1991) both explore characters who experience deep loneliness, but they show it in very different visual ways. Her uses warm colours, soft lighting, and close-up shots to reveal Theodore’s emotional isolation and his sometimes idealized or unrealistic view of the women around him. In contrast, The Silence of the Lambs relies on point-of-view shots, spatial arrangement, and framing to show how Clarice is constantly observed,
Stats
🎯 MAIN RULE (ALL TESTS)
p < 0.05 → Significant → Reject H0
p ≥ 0.05 → Not significant → Fail to reject H0
1 group vs known value → One-sample t-test
2 groups (different people) → Independent t-test
2 groups (same people before/after) → Paired t-test
3+ groups → ANOVA (+ Tukey if significant)
Numeric ↔ Numeric → Correlation
Predict Y from X → Regression
Categorical ↔ Categorical → Chi-Square
⭐ 1. ONE-SAMPLE t-TEST
Use: one group vs a target number.
Think: “Is my sample