FORTRAN: FORmula TRANslation; scientific computing (arrays, loops, floats); Ideas - compiled code for speed; DO loop; subprograms; formatted I/O. Legacy: foundation of scientific programming.
ALGOL 60: ALGOrithmic Language; First machine-independent language; Introduced: block structure, recursion, BNF, format types, compound statements (begin...end); Legacy: basis for imperative languages
COBOL: COmmon Buisness-Oriented Language; buisness/data preprocessing; English-like syntax, records,
This topic analyzes how government intervention (taxes or subsidies) affects market equilibrium, consumer surplus (CS), producer surplus (PS), and total efficiency (DWL).
Tax Wedge: A tax ($\tau$) drives a wedge between the price buyers pay ($P_d$) and the price sellers receive ($P_s$).
$P_d = P_s + \tau$
The new equilibrium quantity ($Q_t$) is found where $Q_d(P_d) = Q_s(P_s)$.
Subsidy Wedge: A subsidy ($s$)
MATLAB = MATrix LABoratory — a numerical computing environment and programming language built for engineering and math operations.
| Area | Function |
|---|---|
| Command Window | Execute code directly |
| Workspace | View and manage variables |
| Current Folder | File directory for scripts |
| Editor | Write .m scripts/functions |
| Figure Window | Displays plots |
| Help Browser | Documentation and examples |
Prompt symbol: >>
Comment: %
Suppress output:
Goal: Turn cheap dopamine craving → drive for deep work, purpose, and long-term freedom.
Core principle: Effort = Reward
🧭 MINDSET BLOCK
| Concept | Core Belief |
|---|---|
| Identity | “I create dopamine through progress, not consumption.” |
| Effort Loop | Effort → Progress → Dopamine → Motivation (repeat) |
| Boredom | Training ground for focus, not pain to escape. |
| Stimulation Rule | Intentional > Impulsive. |
| Purpose | Link every action to a vision (freedom, |
1. Hypothesis Testing & p-values
p-value: Probability of observing a statistic as extreme (or more) as the sample, assuming H₀ is true.
Interpretation:
Large p-value → evidence in favor of H₀ | Small p-value → evidence in favor of Hₐ
Type I error (α): Reject H₀ when H₀ is true | Type II error (β): Fail to reject H₀ when H₀ is false
2. Study Design
Sample: Subset observed/measured | Population: Entire group of interest
Explanatory variable (x): Factor believed to influence
Consumer behaviour refers to the study of how individuals, groups, and organizations select, purchase, use, and dispose of goods, services,
| Term | Description |
|---|---|
| Farm | The main logical container of all RAS components. One central configuration and licensing database per farm. |
| Site | A subset of a farm, typically representing a physical location (e.g., Toronto site, Montreal site). Each site must have at least one Connection Broker and Secure Gateway. |
| RAS Console | The admin tool (desktop app) used to configure and manage all RAS components. |
Patriotyzm to jedna z najważniejszych wartości w historii Polski. Oznacza miłość do ojczyzny, wierność jej tradycjom oraz gotowość do działania w jej imię. W różnych epokach pojęcie to przybierało inne znaczenie — dawniej oznaczało walkę z bronią w ręku, dziś częściej troskę o naród i kulturę. Literatura polska wielokrotnie ukazywała, jak trudna, ale i piękna potrafi być miłość do ojczyzny. Szczególnie wyraźnie widać to w „Dziadach cz. III” Adama Mickiewicza
Linguistics: structure of language
Psycholinguistics: how people use language
Competence vs. Performance: ideal knowledge vs. actual use
Descriptive vs. Prescriptive: what people do vs. what’s prescribed
Metalinguistics: reflection on one’s language
Levels of Language:
Phonology (sounds), Morphology (word parts), Lexicon (words), Syntax (structure)
Structure-dependent rules: Meaning depends on syntax, not word order
e.g., The butcher’s