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Gram Staining

Gram staining is the most important differential staining technique used in bacteriology to classify bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups based on the structure of their cell wall. It was developed by Hans Christian Gram. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer that retains the primary stain and appears purple, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and lose the primary stain during decolorization, taking up the counterstain and

Doctrine of Public Trust – 10 Marker Answer

Introduction  
The Public Trust Doctrine means that certain natural resources like air, water, forests, and sea-shore are held by the State as a trustee for the benefit of the public. The State cannot misuse or transfer them for private gain. It originated from Roman and English law and was adopted in India through judicial pronouncements.

Meaning and Scope  
State as Trustee, Public as Beneficiary: The State holds natural resources in trust for present

Q) What is Laplacian Operator?

Ans: The 3D balance equation in ψ terms is:

∂ψ/∂t + (v·∇)ψ = ψ̇a + (∇·δ∇ψ) − ψ(∇·v)

If diffusivity δ is constant, then:

(∇·δ∇ψ) = δ(∇·∇ψ)

Now, we get:

∂ψ/∂t + (v·∇ψ) = ψ̇a + δ(∇·∇ψ) − ψ(∇·v)

The term (∇·∇ψ) is

∇[ i(∂ψ/∂x) + j(∂ψ/∂y) + k(∂ψ/∂z) ]

= ∂/∂x(∂ψ/∂x) + ∂/∂y(∂ψ/∂y) + ∂/∂z(∂ψ/∂z)

= ∂²ψ/∂x² + ∂²ψ/∂y² + ∂²ψ/∂z²

The dot product