a) Atomicity: Ensures a transaction is all-or-nothing. Durability: Guarantees committed data remains after a crash.b) Redundancy in a schema refers to unnecessary duplication of data.c) Cascading rollback occurs when the failure of one transaction causes others to roll back.d) External storage in DBMS refers to storage devices like hard drives or SSDs used to store large data files.e) ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.f) A heap file is an unordered collection of records
a) A transaction is a sequence of operations performed as a single logical unit of work, ensuring consistency, atomicity, isolation, and durability (ACID).b) Primary index is based on the primary key and is ordered; secondary index is created on non-primary key attributes and may not be ordered.c) Functional Dependency means attribute Y is functionally dependent on X if each value of X is associated with exactly one value of Y (X → Y)d) Concurrency control ensures that database transactions are
Here's a clear and structured comparison and explanation of PN junction diode and Zener diode, two fundamental semiconductor devices:
A PN junction diode is a semiconductor device formed by joining P-type and N-type materials. It allows current to flow only in one direction — from the anode (P-side) to the cathode (N-side).
Forward Bias: When P-side is connected to the positive terminal of a battery and N-side to the negative
| System | Major Function |
|---|---|
| Integumentary | Protects body; regulates temperature (skin, hair, nails). |
| Skeletal | Supports body; stores minerals; makes blood cells. |
| Muscular | Movement and posture. |
| Nervous | Fast communication; controls body responses. |
| Endocrine | Hormone secretion for regulation. |
| Cardiovascular | Transports nutrients, gases, and wastes (heart, blood vessels). |
| Lymphatic | Immune response; fluid balance (lymph |
Concept 1: Cell theory: fundamental unit; living organisms comprised of cells; from pre-existing cells; common ancestor. Common origin of life 4 bya. Causes of life: primordial soup (gases, water, energy); Miller-Urey - energy reactions created basic molecules; extra-terrestrial. Stromatolites: 3.5 bya. Water: hydrogen bonds = high specific heat, cohesion/surface tension; polar = hydrophilic polar molecules, hydrophobic nonpolar. Concept 2: Carbohydrates: glycosidic bonds, saccarides, starch,
...in a database management system (DBMS), allowing transactions to run concurrently has significant advantages, such as better system resource utilization and higher throughput. However, it is crucial that these transactions do not conflict with each other. The ultimate goal is to ensure that the database remains consistent and accurate. For instance, if two users try to book the last available seat on a flight at the same time, the system must ensure that only one booking succeeds. Concurrency control...
Your Address] 4 June 2025 MP’s Name] House of Commons London SW1A 0AA Dear [MP’s Name],
Re: When the world is ablaze, will we douse the flames or dare to speak There are moments in history when silence ceases to be neutral — it becomes an act of surrender. Today is such a moment. As injustice swells and the climate buckles under the weight of human greed, what future are we preserving if we teach the next generation to suffer in silence? Young people should not merely be permitted to protest
If I Look Like That, Maybe I’ll Be Enough” – The Lie We Keep Believing
Somewhere, right now, a teenager is standing in front of the mirror, eyes full of disappointment, asking themselves a question no child should ever ask:
“What’s wrong with me?”
Not because they’ve failed a test. Not because they’ve done something cruel. But because their stomach isn’t flat enough. Because their skin isn’t smooth enough. Because their body doesn’t look like the ones they scroll past, day
...Disconnected: Why banning phones in schools is a step backward, not forward
By [Your Name]
Imagine this: a teenager walks home alone in the dark. Her phone is switched off — confiscated, banned. She needs to call for help. She can’t. In that moment, the rule wasn’t just impractical. It was dangerous.This is the reality behind the polished policies and “discipline-first” headlines. The question of banning phones in schools is not about convenience — it’s about control. It’s about...