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Central Banking: Concept and Meaning

🔹 What is Central Banking?

Central Banking refers to the functions and activities carried out by a central bank, which is the main monetary authority of a country responsible for managing the currency, money supply, and interest rates. It acts as a regulator and supervisor of the banking system and plays a crucial role in the economic and financial stability of the country.

🔹 Meaning of Central Bank

A Central Bank is a government-owned or state-owned

India's banking system is a well-structured and regulated system overseen primarily by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Here's an overview of the banking system and its structure:

🏦 1. Regulatory Body: Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

• Established: 1935 (under the RBI Act, 1934)

• Role:

  • Regulates the issue and supply of currency

  • Acts as the banker to the government and commercial banks

  • Formulates and implements monetary policy

  • Supervises and regulates financial institutions and markets

Draw and explain working of ramp type ADC with block diagram and waveform.

Working Principle:

Start Signal: A start signal initializes the ramp generator and resets the counter.

Ramp Generation: The ramp generator starts generating the sawtooth waveform.

Comparison: The comparator continuously compares the ramp voltage with the analog input voltage.

Counting: As long as the ramp voltage is lower than the analog input, clock pulses are allowed to pass through the gate circuit and are counted by

Q1. Working Of Increment and Decrement Operator.

Program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int a = 10;

printf("%d\n",a++); // a = a + 1 => a = 11

printf("%d\n",a--); // a = a - 1 => a = 10

int count = 5;

printf("%d\n", ++count); // prints 6 (prefix increment)

printf("%d\n", count--); // prints 6, then count becomes 5 (postfix decrement)

return 0;

Q.Tokens:A token is the smallest unit of meaning in a programming languageThe tokens would be: 1. int → keyword 2. x → identifier 3. =

Cells are open systems – they exchange both matter and energy with their environment.

Open System Examples (Cells):

• In: Water, oxygen, nutrients, solar energy (in plants)

• Out: Carbon dioxide, waste, thermal energy, kinetic energy

  Need	Organ System
  Nutrient intake & use	Digestive
  Gas exchange	Respiratory, circulatory
  Movement & growth	Musculoskeletal
  Response to stimuli	Nervous
  Waste removal	Excretory, respiratory, digestive
  Reproduction	Reproductive

  Need	Organ

  ...

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