Q.2 (a) What is Raft Foundation? Under what circumstances is it adopted?

A raft foundation, also known as a mat foundation, is a type of shallow foundation that consists of a large reinforced concrete slab covering the entire area of a building. This slab supports and distributes the load of all columns and walls uniformly over the whole foundation area.

Instead of providing separate footings for each column, a single thick concrete slab (raft) is constructed to support the structure.

Circumstances

🔹 Ionic Bonds What happens:

One atom loses electrons. Another atom gains electrons. This creates ions Positive ion (cation)/ Negative ion (anion)

Opposite charges attract → bond forms.   

Ionic bonds are relatively weak in water. Water can break them apart (dissociation)

Why? Because water is polar and surrounds charged ions.

.🔹 Covalent Bonds

What happens: Atoms share electrons. Usually between two non-metals. Much stronger than ionic bonds///

Two types: Nonpolar covalent Equal sharing

N.1. Introduzione Heft 1

Gli arredi festivi giù cadano infranti,¹⁰
Il popol di Giuda di lutto s'ammanti!
Ministro dell'ira del Nume sdegnato
Il rege d'Assiria su noi già piombò!
Di barbare schiere l'atroce ululato
Nel santo delubro del Nume tuonò!

I candidi veli, fanciulle, squarciate,¹²
Le supplici braccia gridando levate;
D'un labbro innocente la viva preghiera
È dolce profumo gradito al Signor.
Pregate, fanciulle! in voi della fiera
Falange nemica s'acqueti al furor!

Deh! l'empio non gridi con

CNO Principles: Authority, valid order, therapeutic relationship, appropriate scope, Do NOT perform if unclear orders. Competence: Know drug, assess client, educate patient, know limits. Nurse must ensure knowledge, skill, judgement. Safety: Prevent errors, monitor effects, report adverse reactions, ensure storage security. Nurse must act to min harm from errors/reactions. Scope Of Practice: Definition; Nursing=promote health, care, treatment. RPNRN Controlled acts; Injections, INH meds,

logicdefinition: comes from the greek word logos which means the art or craft of speech. logic is the area of philosophy that studies correct reasoning and sound judgment. logicians study logic.

inductive reasoning definition: this kind of reasoning is based on “induction,” the process of observing particular things and making generalizations. it goes from the little picture to the big picture.example: my cat purrs. my friend’s cat purrs. my neighbour’s cat purrs. garfield also purrs. therefore,

Sorting

Stable vs In-Place

Stable: Relative order of elements with the same key value is preserved by the algorithm

If after 1st sort, that element is at the final position and subsequent iterations does not change its position anymore

In-Place: Requires only a constant amount, i.e. O(1), of extra space during the sorting process. 

Assigning an temporary variable do take up a bit of constant space but is still counted as in-place.

Sorting Explanations

Merge: For arrays it need a lot of space