Οι Καρολίδες και η ακμή της φραγκικής δύναμης
Στο Φραγκικό κράτος ιδιαίτερα σημαντικό ήταν το αξίωμα του αυλάρχη* (majordomus), το οποίο απέκτησε νέο κύρος, όταν ο αυλάρχης Κάρολος Μαρτέλος αναχαίτισε την προέλαση των Αράβων στο Πουατιέ της Γαλλίας (732). Ο Κάρολος Μαρτέλος, γόνος μιας
-- Create a new database (optional, good practice)
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS StudentDB;
USE StudentDB;
-- ### Create Tables ###
CREATE TABLE Student (
StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
Name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
Dept VARCHAR(50),
Age INT,
Email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
CHECK (Age > 16)
);
CREATE TABLE Course (
CourseID INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
Title VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
Credits INT,
StudentID INT,
FOREIGN KEY (StudentID)
Question 1: S is a relation instance. If S has 6 tuples in it, then how many tuples are there in the result of the following SQL query? SELECT * FROM S S1, S S2;36 = 6 * 6
Question 2: Let R(A,B,C,D) be a relation, where (A, B, C) is the Primary Key of R, and attribute D cannot be NULL. Assume A’s domain has 5 different values, B’s domain has 2 , and C has 4, and D has 3. What is the maximum number of tuples that can be in an instance of R? 40 = 5 * 2 * 4 (Primary Key is unique)
Question 4:
Law of Diminishing Marginal Productivity: Extra output per worker eventually decreases as more workers are added to fixed capital.
Long Run: All inputs can be changed; firm can adjust labor, capital, etc. to optimize production
Economic Profit = Revenue − Costs (explicit + implicit)
Implicit costs: Value of forgone alternatives
Explicit cost = actual money paid for inputs
When marginal productivity falls → marginal cost rises.
Marginal Product (Labor): Extra output from one more worker.
Average
MWERGE SORT
#include <stdio.h>
void merge(int a[], int l, int m, int r) {
int i=l, j=m+1, k=0, b[100];
while(i<=m && j<=r) {
if(a[i]<a[j]) b[k++]=a[i++];
else b[k++]=a[j++];
}
while(i<=m) b[k++]=a[i++];
while(j<=r) b[k++]=a[j++];
for(i=l,k=0;i<=r;i++,k++) a[i]=b[k];
}
void mergesort(int a[], int l, int r) {
if(l<r) {
int m=(l+r)/2;
mergesort(a,l,m);
mergesort(a,m+1,r);
...
🌏 Environmental Systems & Agriculture
Agricultural System Components
Inputs: land, water, fertiliser, labour, energy, capital
Processes: cultivation, irrigation, grazing, harvesting
Outputs: food, fibre, waste, emissions, by-products
Key Drivers
Population growth, market demand, policy incentives, technology, climate.
Sustainability Principles
Efficiency: maximise yield per input.
Resilience: ability to recover from disturbance.
Circularity: reuse and recycle nutrients and energy.
Environmental
Cursorial: running adaptation; long limbs, reduced digits (e.g., pronghorn, cheetah).
Advantages: range, migration, predator–prey endurance.
Adaptations: longer distal limbs, reduced/fused bones, loss of clavicle.
Horse record: digit reduction → 1 toe = efficient endurance.
Ricochetal: bipedal hopping, elastic energy (kangaroo rat, jerboa); elastic recoil = energy savings, predator evasion.
Semi-fossorial: partial burrower (marmot, badger).
Fossorial: full burrower (mole, naked...
🧩 1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Human motivation lies at the centre of consumer behaviour. Abraham Maslow’s (1943) Hierarchy of Needs remains one of the most influential frameworks for understanding why individuals engage in consumption. Maslow argued that behaviour is goal-directed, driven by a progressive series of needs from basic physiological survival to psychological growth and self-actualisation. In consumer contexts, this hierarchy explains not just what people buy,...
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