Ans. Pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm)Systematic position Class -InsectaOrder- LepidopteraFamily-GelechidaeHabits. Pink bollworm is a noctumal insect. At night, the insect is attracted towards light. Caterpillars feed and destroy seeds and obstruct lint formation. The adults mate just after emergence.Damage. The caterpillar causes the main damage by boring into shoot, bolls and flowers. The caterpillar damages young seeds and reduce lint production. It also damages the already formed cotton.
1. Carboxylic Acids - Oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes <br> - Hydrolysis of esters (acidic/basic) - Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ): α-halogenation via PBr₃ and Br₂ <br> - Ester hydrolysis (acid/base mechanism) - Polar, acidic <br> - Form strong H-bonds <br> - Undergo nucleophilic substitution
2. Acid Derivatives <br> (Acid chlorides, esters, amides, anhydrides) - From acids using SOCl₂ (chloride), acetic anhydride, Fischer esterification - Claisen Condensation:...
Definition: Fiscal policy refers to the government’s policy of managing its income (revenue) and spending (expenditure) to influence the country’s economy. It is mainly concerned with taxation, public spending, and borrowing. Objectives of Fiscal Policy:-1. Economic Stability – To control inflation or deflation by adjusting government spending and taxes.2. Full Employment – To create job opportunities by investing in public works and development projects.3. Economic Growth – To increase...
UNIT 1: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives (13 Lectures)
1. Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
Oxidation Reactions:
Primary alcohols → Carboxylic acids (using KMnO₄, CrO₃, etc.)
Aldehydes → Carboxylic acids
Ketones (via haloform reaction in methyl ketones)
Ester Hydrolysis:
Acidic hydrolysis: RCOOR’ + H₂O → RCOOH + R’OH
Alkaline hydrolysis (saponification): RCOOR’ + OH⁻ → RCOO⁻ + R’OH
2. Important Reactions
Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction:
α-halogenation...
Frage № 1: l ✓hierMeinungsfreiheitgilt.
Frage № 2✓Religionsunterrichtteilnimmt.
Frage № 3: D✓AlleEinwohner / EinwohnerinnenundderStaatmüssensichandieGesetzehalten.
Frage № 4: ✓Meinungsfreiheit
Frage № 5: ✓DerWählerdarfbeiderWahlwederbeeinflusstnochzueinerbestimmtenStimmabgabegezwungenwerdenundkeineNachteiledurchdieWahlhaben.
Frage № 6: ✓Grundgesetz
Frage № 7✓Glaubens- undGewissensfreiheit
Frage № 8: ✓AllesollengleichvielGeldhaben.
In Akhil Sharma's "Family Life," Ajay Mishra is a complex character who is deeply affected by a tragic accident that leaves his brother Birju severely brain-damaged. He carries a heavy burden of guilt and responsibility for the family's new reality, often acting as a scapegoat hero. Ajay's actions and relationships are shaped by this overwhelming guilt, making him a central figure in the novel's exploration of family dynamics and grief.
Elaboration:
Guilt and Responsibility: Ajay is deeply affected
...The basic dictum of financial planning is “Earlier the Better”. According to this principle, Project ‘B’ is preferable. The profit maximisation goal ignores the time value of money.(iii) It ignores the Quality of Benefits: If the predicted earnings are more assured, the quality is high because the range of fluctuation is small. Profit maximisation ignores the value of benefits and does not consider the risk connected with profits. The following table demonstrates this:(Quality of Benefits-
...Hydrotherapy—also known as water therapy—is the use of water for pain relief and treatment. It's a common method used in physical therapy, alternative medicine, and rehabilitation. Here are the main details:
Describe the structure and bonding in sodium chloride. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound. It contains positive sodium ions (Na⁺) and negative chloride ions (Cl⁻). The ions are held together in a giant lattice by strong electrostatic forces. These forces act in all directions, giving it a high melting point.
Explain why potassium is more reactive than lithium Both are in Group 1 and have 1 electron in their outer shell. Potassium’s outer electron is further from the nucleus. So there is...