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MODULE - I

1. Write a note on the nature of the party system in India since 1990 and its changing trends.

***The Indian party system underwent a significant transformation after 1990. This period

marked the decline of Congress dominance and the emergence of a competitive, fragmented,

and coalition-based party system. The nature of the party system since 1990 can be

understood through changes in structure, ideology, leadership, and voter behaviour.

Decline of One-Party Dominance

Until the

ORGANIZATION THEORY
Study of how orgs function, structure themselves, make decisions, and interact with environment.

ORGANIZATION
Group of people working together to achieve common goals by coordinating resources.

PURPOSE OF ORGANIZATIONS
Achieve goals, create value, produce goods/services, adapt to environment, enable innovation, manage coordination.

TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS
Profit: profit maximization via goods/services
Non-profit: social/service goals, no profit motive
Government: public service, policy

Q1) WAP that accepts the marks of 5 subjects and finds the Sum and Percentage 

#include <stdio.h> 
int main() 
{ 
    int marks[5]; 
    int total = 0; 
    float percentage; 

    for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) 
    { 
        scanf("%d", &marks[i]); 
        total += marks[i]; 
    } 

    percentage = (total / 5.0); 
    printf("Sum: %d\n", total); 
    printf("Percentage: %2.f%%\n", percentage); 

    return 0; 
} 

Q2)  WAP that swaps value of two variables 

#

1. Define Clipper, and explain clipping at two independent levels?

A.A clipper (also known as a limiter) is an electronic circuit used to remove or "clip" portions

of a signal that exceed a certain threshold voltage level without distorting the remaining

part of the waveform. Clippers are used in various applications, such as signal conditioning,

waveform shaping, and protecting circuits from voltage spikes 

Clipping at Two Independent Levels:

Clipping at two independent levels involves limiting

2.4 Leap Year

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int y;
    scanf("%d", &y);
    if ((y % 4 == 0 && y % 100 != 0) || y % 400 == 0)
        printf("Leap Year");
    else
        printf("Not Leap Year");
    return 0;
}

2.5 Simple Calculator Using Switch

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    char op;
    float a, b;
    scanf(" %c %f %f", &op, &a, &b);
    switch (op)
    {
        case '+': printf("%.2f", a + b); break;
        case '-': printf("%

1. V-I Characteristics of a PN Junction Diode?

A.The voltage-current (V-I) characteristics of a PN junction diode describe

the relationship between the voltage applied across the diode and the resulting

current that flows through it. This relationship is highly nonlinear and is typically'

divided into three regions: forward bias, reverse bias, and breakdown. 

 Forward Bias Region:In the forward bias region, the positive terminal of the voltage

source is connected to the p-type material, and