1. What is data, database and DBMS? Explain the characteristics of database approach and advantages of DBMS: Data refers to raw facts and figures which by themselves have no meaning. Examples: numbers, names, marks, dates, etc. When data is processed and organised, it becomes meaningful information. A database is an organised collection of related data stored in a structured manner so that it can be easily accessed, managed, and updated. Example: A student database containing roll number, name,...
1️⃣ Ohm’s Law (V–I Relationship)
Aim:
To verify Ohm’s Law and find resistance of a metallic conductor.
Apparatus:
Battery, ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat, key, resistance wire.
Theory:
Ohm’s Law states that at constant temperature, current is directly proportional to potential difference.
V = IR
Procedure:
1. Connect circuit (ammeter in series, voltmeter in parallel).
2. Change current using rheostat.
3. Note V and I readings.
4. Plot graph between V and I.
Observation:
Straight line
Q.1 (a) What are the Features of Auditing? (8 Marks)
Independent Examination – Auditing is conducted by an independent and qualified auditor.
Systematic Process – It follows a planned and organized procedure.
Examination of Books & Records – Verification of accounts, vouchers, documents, and financial statements.
Based on Evidence – Auditor collects sufficient and appropriate audit evidence.
Objective Evaluation – Financial statements are checked objectively without bias.
True and
Explain the Interaction between Energy and Technology.
Energy and technology are interdependent and together drive economic development and industrial growth. Technology enables the extraction, conversion, storage, and efficient use of energy resources. Traditional energy technologies such as coal-based thermal power plants and petroleum refining have supported rapid industrialization but have also caused serious environmental issues such as air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change.
-Dámaso Alonso
1. Este poema pertenece a Hijos de la ira, obra en la que el autor expresa la angustia y el desconcierto tras la guerra. ¿Qué visión del ser humano se refleja en el poema a través de la experiencia del insomnio? Justifica tu respuesta.
El poema “Insomnio” pertenece a Hijos de la ira (1944), libro central de Dámaso Alonso y del existencialismo poético español de posguerra. La obra refleja la desolación moral y espiritual de la España devastada tras la Guerra Civil (1936-
Lösungshinweis - Einkommensteuer Übungsfall (Rechtslage 2025)
1. Steuerpflicht
Die Eheleute haben ihren Wohnsitz in Deutschland (§ 8 AO). Damit liegt eine unbeschränkte Steuerpflicht nach § 1 Abs. 1 EStG vor.
2. Veranlagungsart
Die Eheleute sind verheiratet und leben nicht dauernd getrennt. Somit ist eine Zusammenveranlagung nach § 26b EStG möglich (Wahlrecht §§ 26, 26b EStG).
3. Einkünfte aus nichtselbständiger Arbeit (§ 19 EStG)
3.1 Herr Berger
Bruttogehalt: 12 x 3.200
...Data communication is the exchange of data between devices through a transmission medium.
5 components:
Sender
Message
Transmission medium
Receiver
Protocol
Effective communication requires:
Delivery (correct destination)
Accuracy (no errors)
Timeliness (on time)
Telecommunication is communication over long distance.
Data communication = digital data exchange.
Transmission media:
Guided (wired):
Twisted pair → cheap, short distance, more noise
Coaxial → better shielding