Pedagogika jest nauką o:
wychowaniu,
kształceniu,
edukacji człowieka w ciągu całego życia.
Przedmiotem pedagogi są:
cele, treści, metody i środki wychowania,
relacje wychowawcze,
instytucje edukacyjne (rodzina, szkoła, środowisko),
uwarunkowania biologiczne, psychiczne i społeczne wychowania.
Bada zarówno teorię jak i praktykę.
Zadania pedagogiki
Opisowe (diagnostyczne)
– opisują rzeczywistość wychowawczą i edukacyjną,
Unit 3a
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
Definition
Sedimentary structures are physical features formed during or just after deposition of sediments.
They give information about:
Depositional environment
Direction of current
Energy conditions
Younging direction of strata
1. Bedding
Bedding refers to layering in sedimentary rocks.
Each layer is called a bed.
Beds form when one layer of sediment is deposited over another.
Bedding planes separate beds of different composition, texture or color.
Thickness of
1. Sedimentary Basins-A sedimentary basin is a low-lying area of the Earth’s crust It undergoes subsidence and accumulates sediments over geological time
Sediments may be clastic, chemical or biogenic
Basins preserve information about tectonics, climate, provenance and resources
2. Physiography of India and Basin Settings
India shows diverse physiographic divisions
Major units:Himalayan orogenic belt,Indo-Gangetic plain
Peninsular craton,Coastal plains,Continental shelf and deep sea
Basin formation
(a) Why is Krumbein’s logarithmic transformation necessary? Grain size data are not normally distributed but are skewed. Krumbein introduced the phi (φ) scale to convert grain size into a logarithmic form. φ = −log₂ (grain diameter in mm). This transformation simplifies statistical analysis of sediments. It helps in easy comparison of grain size parameters like mean, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis.
(b) How are sediments transported by rivers?
Sediments are transported by rivers in four
Processes of Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are formed by a series of interrelated processes operating at or near the Earth’s surface. These processes can be broadly divided into five main stages:
1. Weathering
Weathering is the breakdown of pre-existing rocks at the Earth’s surface by physical, chemical, and biological processes.
Physical weathering disintegrates rocks without changing composition.
Chemical weathering alters minerals through reactions such as oxidation, hydration,
distillation:-Distillation is a process by which a liquid mixture is separated into fractions with higher concentrations of certain components by exploiting differences in relative volatility Distillation is a separation process used to separate components of a liquid mixture based on differences in their boiling points. The process involves heating the mixture to vaporize the most volatile component(s), followed by cooling the vapor to condense it back into liquid form, thereby isolating the different
1. What is Reynold's number? Give its importance. Reynold's number is a dimensionless number used to predict flow patterns in fluid dynamics. It is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. A low Reynold's number indicates laminar flow, while a high number indicates turbulent flow. It helps in designing and analyzing fluid flow systems.
2. What are heat exchangers? Give their types. Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer heat between two or more fluids without mixing them. Types include
*Anti-arrhythmic drugs*
Anti-arrhythmic drugs are medications used to treat abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). They work by modifying the electrical activity of the heart.
Classification:
1. Class I: Sodium channel blockers
(e.g., Quinidine, Lidocaine)
2. Class II: Beta blockers (e.g., Propranolol)
3. Class III: Potassium channel blockers (e.g., Amiodarone)
4. Class IV: Calcium channel blockers (e.g., Verapamil)
*Anticoagulants*
Anticoagulants are drugs that prevent blood clotting.
- Warfarin:
...