Question 1: S is a relation instance. If S has 6 tuples in it, then how many tuples are there in the result of the following SQL query? SELECT * FROM S S1, S S2;36 = 6 * 6
Question 2: Let R(A,B,C,D) be a relation, where (A, B, C) is the Primary Key of R, and attribute D cannot be NULL. Assume A’s domain has 5 different values, B’s domain has 2 , and C has 4, and D has 3. What is the maximum number of tuples that can be in an instance of R? 40 = 5 * 2 * 4 (Primary Key is unique)
Question 4:
MWERGE SORT
#include <stdio.h>
void merge(int a[], int l, int m, int r) {
int i=l, j=m+1, k=0, b[100];
while(i<=m && j<=r) {
if(a[i]<a[j]) b[k++]=a[i++];
else b[k++]=a[j++];
}
while(i<=m) b[k++]=a[i++];
while(j<=r) b[k++]=a[j++];
for(i=l,k=0;i<=r;i++,k++) a[i]=b[k];
}
void mergesort(int a[], int l, int r) {
if(l<r) {
int m=(l+r)/2;
mergesort(a,l,m);
mergesort(a,m+1,r);
...
Cursorial: running adaptation; long limbs, reduced digits (e.g., pronghorn, cheetah).
Advantages: range, migration, predator–prey endurance.
Adaptations: longer distal limbs, reduced/fused bones, loss of clavicle.
Horse record: digit reduction → 1 toe = efficient endurance.
Ricochetal: bipedal hopping, elastic energy (kangaroo rat, jerboa); elastic recoil = energy savings, predator evasion.
Semi-fossorial: partial burrower (marmot, badger).
Fossorial: full burrower (mole, naked...
🧩 1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Human motivation lies at the centre of consumer behaviour. Abraham Maslow’s (1943) Hierarchy of Needs remains one of the most influential frameworks for understanding why individuals engage in consumption. Maslow argued that behaviour is goal-directed, driven by a progressive series of needs from basic physiological survival to psychological growth and self-actualisation. In consumer contexts, this hierarchy explains not just what people buy,...
A cooperative organization is a business or organization owned and controlled by its members, who use its services. The basic philosophy is self-help and mutual aid, with a focus on service rather than maximizing profit for external investors.
Here are the key advantages and disadvantages of a cooperative organization:
Advantages of a Cooperative Organization
Democratic Management: Cooperatives operate on the principle of "one member, one vote," regardless of the number of shares held.
Power, Authority, and Legitimacy are fundamental concepts in political science that describe different aspects of influence and governance. They are interconnected, with legitimacy often being the bridge between raw power and recognized authority.
Definitions of the Concepts
* Power ⚡:
* The ability to influence the behavior of others, even against their will.
* It is the capacity to achieve one's objectives and can be exercised through various means, including force (coercion), persuasion,
The literature of ancient India is a vast and glorious treasure, forming the foundation of Indian civilization and deeply influencing global thought. It is traditionally categorized into two main groups: Shruti (that which is heard/revealed) and Smriti (that which is remembered/transmitted).
Here are the most significant categories and works:
1. Vedic Literature (Shruti)
This is the oldest stratum of Indian literature, considered eternal knowledge revealed to ancient sages.
* The Vedas: The four foundational
🌟 Interface Basics in Java
An Interface in Java is a blueprint of a class. It defines a contract of behavior that implementing classes must adhere to. Interfaces are a key mechanism for achieving abstraction and simulating multiple inheritance of behavior in Java.
Key Characteristics of Interfaces
* 100% Abstract (Historically): Traditionally, interfaces could only contain abstract methods and public static final variables (constants).
* Modern Features (Java 8+): Interfaces can now include default
The basic structure of a Java program is based on the concept of classes. Every executable Java program must contain at least one class definition.
💻 Essential Structure of a Java Program
A typical Java application will have the following hierarchical structure: 1. Package Statement (Optional)
The very first statement in a Java source file (if present) is the package statement. It organizes classes into logical groups, preventing naming conflicts.
* Syntax: package package_name;
* Example: package