1) Why Reinforcement Learning? Describe the main elements of a Reinforcement Learning system.
Answer:
Reinforcement Learning (RL) is important because it enables machines to learn optimal behaviors through interaction with their
environment, without needing labeled input/output pairs. It's especially useful in scenarios where the best actions are not immediately
known, such as game playing, robotics, or dynamic pricing.
In RL, the agent gradually learns to take actions that maximize cumulative future...
Hinduism is a way of life
that practitioners stake their lives on
even if it means they must suffer and die.
Central to the Hindu view of life is the karma
Samsara moksha doctrine.
the self, essence, or soul (atman) is reincarnated into the world (samsara cycle)
over and over again
results of action (karma) are reaped in future lives
this process of endless reincarnation is characterized
by suffering (dukkha) the suffering of life itself
the suffering of repeated reincarnations
Samsaric cycle can
Evictions have become more frequent and normalized in low-income urban neighborhoods. They are not just a consequence of poverty but also a driver of it. Desmond shows how eviction creates housing instability, disrupts employment and schooling, and contributes to health problems. It disproportionately affects women of color and reveals how the housing market profits from their vulnerability.
Inner-city housing is often characterized by deterioration, overcrowding, and
Unit 1.1. Explain the working principle of a thyristor. A thyristor is a four-layer, three-junction semiconductor device that can be used as a switch. It consists of two p-n junctions and operates in four different regions (Forward Blocking, Forward Conducting, Reverse Blocking, and Reverse Conducting). Working Principle: When a small trigger pulse is applied to the gate, it switches the thyristor from the forward blocking state to the forward conducting state, allowing current to flow between
Java is well-known for its ability to run on any device or platform thanks to the "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) philosophy. This is made possible because Java code is compiled into bytecode that runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) instead of being compiled directly into machine code specific to any system. How Java achieves portability:
Java Compiler and Bytecode: When you write Java code, it’s compiled into bytecode, which is platform-independent. This bytecode is stored in .
Plott et al (2006): How can we use experimental markets to test rational individual choice? Theories of markets for which rational individual choice is a necessary component either challenges its predictions or cannot be applied. Design & Implementation: Induced Value Theory, suppliers and buyers have a marginal cost and demand function. Middlemen bought from suppliers and sold to buyers which was repeated for each period. Inventories could not be carried forward to next period, double anonymity,
...TABLE_SIZE = 7
clients = {
"Alice": "1234", "Bob": "5678", "Charlie": "8765",
"David": "4321", "Eve": "1111", "Frank": "2222"
}
def hash_fn(k): return sum(ord(c) for c in k) % TABLE_SIZE
class ChainHash:
def __init__(self): self.table = [[] for _ in range(TABLE_SIZE)]
def insert(self, k, v): self.table[hash_fn(k)].append((k, v))
def search(self, k):
bucket = self.table[hash_fn(k)]
for i, (key, val) in enumerate(bucket):
if key == k: return
Roper v Simmons: death pen minors is bad, look to ntl consensus of state laws + countries for standard of decency
Judicial Review Marbury: Mb said Jud. Act gave SC og jdx 2 order commish, SC say Act conflict w CON art. 3, Marb has right & remedy but must go thru low courts, est. judish review
Martin v Lessee: land dispute, VA defies SC, SC says app jdx for fed Qs + supremacy of fed law + judish rvw st ct decisions, uniformity across US
Cooper v Aaron: sts must follow SC; AK can't resist
...Debt management
Debt management is a strategic approach to handling and repaying debts in an organized manner. It involves creating a plan to consolidate multiple debts into one manageable monthly payment, often with reduced interest rates or fees. This can be achieved through a Debt Management Plan (DMP), which is typically set up and managed by a nonprofit credit counseling agency.
*Key Components of Debt Management:*
- *Understanding Your Finances*: Knowing the total amount of outstanding debt,