Explain Rule-based classification technique.
Rule-Based Classification Technique
Rule-based classification is a data mining method where IF–THEN rules are used to classify data into different categories. Each rule has two parts:
Example:
IF age > 18 AND income = high THEN class = “Premium Customer”.
Key points:
1. Define Mean
Mean = Average.
Sum of all values ÷ Number of values.
2. Find mean of first ten natural numbers
First 10 natural numbers: 1 to 10
Sum = 55
Mean = 55 ÷ 10 = 5.5
3. Define Median
Median = Beech wala value jab data ko chhote–bade order me likhte hain.
4. Find median of first ten even numbers
First 10 even numbers: 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20
Even count (10 values) → median = average of 5th & 6th value
5th = 10, 6th = 12
Median = (10 + 12)/2 = 11
5. Define Mode
Mode = Jo value sabse zyada baar
IEEE 802.15.4 is a low-power, low-data-rate wireless standard used for IoT sensor
networks.
Iske upar 3 main protocols banaye gaye hain:
1. Zigbe Zigbee is a low-power, low-cost wireless mesh protocol for smart homes and IoT
automation.
✔ Advantages
• Supports mesh networking → long-range coverage
• Very low power consumption
• Cheap modules
• Reliable for home automation
✘ Disadvantages
• Low data rate
• Not suitable for high-speed applications
• Limited range without mesh
| XML | HTML |
|---|---|
| Extensible Markup Language | HyperText Markup Language |
| Used to store and transport data | Used to display data in browser |
| User-defined tags | Predefined tags |
| Case-sensitive | Not case-sensitive |
| Strict syntax, errors not tolerated | Flexible, errors tolerated |
| Focus: Data | Focus: Presentation |
| ID | Class |
|---|---|
| Unique for one element | Can be used for many elements |
| Used for JS targeting | Used mainly for styling |
6Q1. Write short notes on (Any Four) — (4 × 5 = 20)
Impurities — physical (suspended solids, turbidity), chemical (dissolved salts, hardness, metals, pH), biological (bacteria, viruses, protozoa), and organics (oil, pesticides).
Treatment processes (typical sequence):
Intake & Screening — remove large debris.
Coagulation & Flocculation — add coagulant (alum/iron salts) to destabilize colloids; gentle mixing forms flocs.
a) What are the disadvantages of virtualization?
b) What is the difference between distributed objects and RPC?
c) Define Federated Clouds.
a) Disadvantages of Virtualization
(Any 3 points for 2 marks)
Performance Overhead:
Virtual machines run on top of a hypervisor, so applications may not perform as fast as on physical hardware.
High Initial Cost:
Powerful servers, hypervisors, and storage systems are required, which increases setup cost.
Complex Management:
Managing multiple VMs, snapshots,
Assigns items to groups (A, B, C) based on value/importance.
Example: A = laptops, B = keyboards, C = mousepads.
Receiving goods from multiple sources.
Example: A DC receives shipments from 10 factories.
Assigns cost based on activities, not departments.
Example: Shipping-heavy customers show higher cost-to-serve.
Matching inventory to customer orders.
Example: DC allocates 50 units to a customer order.
Inventory
Malware: malicious software designed to disrupt systems, steal information, or gain unauthorized access. Goal of malware(Disruption:shutting down processes, freezing systems, Data Theft:exfiltrating passwords, Unauthorized Access:giving attackers a secret way in, Covert Control:remote command & control, botnets). Malware has not changed fundamentally sincevon Neumann’s 1949 paper on self replicating automata. Mal classified; Viruses (Need a host file), infect executable files or boot sectors,...
Η νομοθεσία
Με τα αξιόλογα νομοθετήματα της Μακεδονικής Δυναστείας επιδιώχθηκε συνειδητά η απομάκρυνση από το Δίκαιο των Εικονομάχων και η επιστροφή στο Ρωμαϊκό Δίκαιο, με προσαρμογές όμως που υπαγόρευαν τα νέα κοινωνικά και πολιτικά δεδομένα.
Η αναθεώρηση του ισχύοντος...