Here’s a clear and concise explanation of the various types of control systems, along with suitable examples:
Control systems can be broadly classified into the following categories:
Definition: A control system where the output has no effect on the control action.
Working: The input is provided, and the system performs based on that input, regardless of the output.
No feedback is used.
Washing Machine: It runs for a pre-
M5). Outline Important Cloud Platform Capabilities. ?
1. On-Demand Self-Service :Users can access computing resources (like servers, storage) whenever they need, without human help.
2. Broad Network Access :Services are available over the internet and can be used from laptops, phones, or tablets.
3. Resource Pooling :Cloud providers share resources (like storage, memory) among many users using virtualization.
4. Rapid Elasticity :Resources can be increased or decreased quickly based on need (auto-scaling)
*Free Space Management:*
Free space management involves tracking and managing unused storage space to optimize allocation and minimize waste.
*Techniques:*
1. *Bit Vector*: Use a bit vector to track free and allocated blocks.
2. *Linked List*: Use a linked list to track free blocks.
3. *Grouping*: Group free blocks together for efficient allocation.
*Benefits:*
1. *Efficient Allocation*: Quickly find free space for allocation.
2. *Reduced Fragmentation*: Minimize fragmentation by efficiently managing
*File System Structure:* A file system structure typically consists of: 1. *Boot Block*: Contains boot information.
2. *Super Block*: Contains metadata about the file system. 3. *Inode Table*: Contains inode structures for each file. 4. *Data Blocks*: Store file data. 5. *Directory Blocks*: Store directory information.
*Key Components:*
1. *Inodes*: Contain file metadata (ownership, permissions, location).
2. *File Descriptors*: Identify open files.
3. *Directory Entries*: Map file names to inodes.
*Memory Management Strategies:*
1. *Partitioning*: Divide memory into fixed or variable-size partitions.
2. *Paging*: Divide memory into fixed-size blocks (pages).
3. *Segmentation*: Divide programs into logical segments (code, data, stack).
4. *Swapping*: Temporarily move processes from main memory to secondary storage.
5. *Contiguous Memory Allocation*: Allocate contiguous blocks of memory to processes.
*Goals:*
1. *Efficient memory use*
2. *Prevent memory fragmentation*
3. *Improve system performance*
*CPU Scheduling:*
CPU scheduling is the process of allocating the CPU (Central Processing Unit) to different processes or threads in a computer system. The goal of CPU scheduling is to maximize system performance, efficiency, and responsiveness.
*Scheduling Criteria:*
1. *Throughput*: Number of processes completed per unit time.
2. *Turnaround Time*: Time taken for a process to complete from submission to completion.
3. *Waiting Time*: Time a process spends waiting in the ready queue.
4. *Response
Here's an overview of these types of operating systems:
*1. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS):*
- Designed for applications that require predictable and fast responses to events.
- Guarantees a response within a specified time frame.
- Examples: Industrial control systems, medical devices, automotive systems, aerospace systems.
*Characteristics:* - Predictable response times - High reliability - Efficient resource utilization
*2. Batch Processing Operating System:* - Executes a series of jobs (programs)
CPU Scheduling is a critical component of Operating System design. *What is CPU Scheduling?* CPU Scheduling determines which process should be executed next by the CPU, allocating CPU time to processes. *Types of Scheduling:* 1. *Preemptive Scheduling*: The OS can interrupt a process and allocate CPU time to another process. 2. *Non-Preemptive Scheduling*: A process runs until it completes or yields the CPU.
*Scheduling Algorithms:* 1. *First-Come-First-Served (FCFS)*: Processes are executed in