Preformulation is the study of physical and chemical properties of a drug substance before developing it into a dosage form. It helps understand drug behavior during formulation.
Goals & Objectives:
To develop a stable, safe, and effective dosage form.
To determine physicochemical properties of drug substance.
To evaluate bioavailability, solubility, and stability parameters.
To establish drug–excipient compatibility.
To aid in selecting suitable dosage form and excipients
1. Physical Form
Directors face personal liabilities under the Companies Act, 2013, primarily for breaches of fiduciary duties, negligence, fraud, and non-compliance with statutory obligations.[1][3]
- Breach of fiduciary duty: Directors must act honestly in the company's interest; dishonest actions lead to personal liability for losses.[3][1]
- Ultra vires acts: Exceeding powers in the memorandum or articles of association makes directors personally accountable.[1]
- Negligence: Failure to exercise due diligence
Transfer Pricing and International / Cross-Border Taxation In a globalized economy where multinational corporations (MNCs) operate across multiple jurisdictions, transfer pricing and international tax rules play a critical role in determining how profits are allocated and taxed. Transfer pricing refers to the pricing of goods, services, or intangible assets transferred between related entities within an MNC. International taxation encompasses the principles and regulations that govern the taxation
Unit 1
1. Nature, Components and Determinants of Business Environment
The business environment refers to all external forces that influence a firm’s decisions, performance and growth. It includes economic conditions, political stability, legal frameworks, technological changes, socio-cultural factors and global trends. These components work together to create opportunities or threats for businesses. Determinants like government policies, market competition, resource availability, consumer preferences
Communalism refers to a situation where people develop strong loyalty towards their own religious group and begin to see other religious groups as enemies or threats. It creates division in society based on religion and encourages an “us vs. them” mindset. Communalism arises when religious identity becomes more important than national identity, and when political leaders, organisations or groups use religion to gain power, votes or influence. Historically, factors like colonial policies of “divide
...Increasing visibility in digital marketing means improving how easily customers can find a brand online. The major ways are:
1. Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
Helps websites rank higher on Google.
Includes keyword optimization, link building, on-page and off-page SEO.
2. Social Media Marketing
Using platforms like Instagram,Facebook,YouTube,etc.Regular posts, reels, stories, paid ads increase brand reach.
3. Content MarketingCreating useful blogs, videos, articles, infographics.Quality content
A Board Meeting is the formal, legal gathering of a company's Board of Directors to discuss, decide upon, and oversee the strategic and operational management of the company.
In Company Law, the Board of Directors is the main decision-making organ of the company, and its powers are exercised through resolutions passed at duly convened and conducted Board Meetings.
🧐 What is a Board Meeting?
A Board Meeting is a fundamental component of corporate governance with the following characteristics:
*
This is a comprehensive topic in Company Law. Here is a detailed breakdown of the prospectus, its contents, a statement in lieu of prospectus, its types, and the liabilities for misstatement.
📜 Prospectus: Definition and Purpose
A prospectus is a formal, written document issued by a public company to the general public.
* Definition: It is an invitation to the public to subscribe for or purchase any securities (shares or debentures) of the company.
* Purpose: Its primary goal is to provide full,