Stack
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAX 100
int stack[MAX];
int top = -1;
void push() {
int val;
if (top == MAX - 1) {
printf("Stack Overflow! Cannot push more elements.\n");
} else {
printf("Enter the value to push: ");
scanf("%d", &val);
stack[++top] = val;
printf("%d pushed to the stack.\n", val);
}
}
void pop() {
if (top == -1) {
printf("Stack Underflow! No element to pop.
Geography Branches – Physical = land/climate | Human = people/culture
Map Types – General-purpose | Thematic | Topographic
Location – Military grid = easting/northing | Latitude = horizontal | Longitude = vertical
Time Zones – 24 worldwide | 6 in Canada | We are EST
Map Scales – Direct: 1cm = 2km | RF: 1:200,000 | Line: bar scale
Compass – Cardinal: N/E/S/W | Ordinal: NE/SE/SW/NW
Population Patterns – Dispersed | Concentrated | Linear
Ecumene – Continuous = full area settled | Discontinuous
1.The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) is an international agreement aimed at minimizing marine pollution caused by ships. It was adopted in 1973 and amended by a protocol in 1978, which introduced mandatory reporting of pollution-related incidents. The convention was developed following the 1967 disaster involving the tanker Torrey Canyon, which ran aground and spilled 120,000 tons of oil. MARPOL consists of six annexes: prevention of pollution
Le journalisme mobile (MoJo) consiste à produire des contenus (texte, photo, vidéo, audio) uniquement avec un smartphone.
Il couvre toutes les étapes : planification, tournage, montage, publication.
Très utile en situation de crise (pandémie, guerre).
Le téléphone est tout-en-un : outil de production et de diffusion.
Le journaliste devient une équipe à lui seul.
Le public participe via le contenu généré (témoignages, vidéos).
🧾 1. Data Transfer Instructions
Used to move data between registers, memory, and I/O.
|
Instruction |
Use |
|---|---|
|
|
Transfer data between registers/memory |
|
|
Stack operations (store/retrieve data) |
|
|
Exchange contents of two operands |
|
|
Input from or output to a port |
|
|
Load effective address |
|
|
Load pointer and segment |
|
|
Translate byte using lookup table |
➕ 2. Arithmetic Instructions
Perform basic math operations.
|
Instruction |
|---|
🧠 What Is Virtual Memory?
Virtual memory is a memory management technique that gives programs the illusion of having a large, continuous block of memory—even if the physical RAM is limited. It allows the system to use disk space (like HDD/SSD) as an extension of RAM.
This enables:
- Running large applications
- Multitasking
- Memory protection and isolation
🧩 How Is It Implemented?
🔹 Paging
- Memory is divided into fixed-size blocks:
- Pages (virtual memory)
- Frames (physical memory)
- A page
Faster, Smaller, Costlier
+---------------------+
| Registers | ← CPU internal
+---------------------+
| Cache | ← L1, L2, L3
+---------------------+
| Main Memory | ← RAM (DRAM)
+---------------------+
| Secondary Storage | ← HDD, SSD
+---------------------+
| Tertiary Storage | ← Optical, Tape
+---------------------
📐 Address and Data Line Calculation
Given: 16KB × 8 memory
- 16KB = 16 × 1024 = 16,384 locations
- Each location
🏗️ CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
This style packs more complex instructions into the processor—some instructions might perform several tasks in one go. It reduces the number of instructions a programmer needs to write but makes the CPU’s internal logic more complicated and potentially slower for some tasks.
- Think: “Do more, but it might take longer.”
Commonly found in x86 architectures (your typical laptop or desktop), where compatibility and code density matter more than raw
von architechure
Here's a clean diagram of the Von Neumann Architecture for you.
In simple terms, it's a computer architecture model where the CPU, memory, and input/output devices all share a single communication pathway—the system bus. This design uses the same memory space for both instructions (programs) and data.
Let me know if you'd like a walkthrough of how instructions flow through this architecture or how it compares to Harvard Architecture!
Here’s a neat breakdown of the three key
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