accent — The characteristic pronunciation patterns of a variety of speech.
accommodation — The phenomenon in which speakers change their manner of speaking depending on whom they interact with.
acquiring (language) — The natural acquisition of a language variety.
active knowledge — Knowledge of a language that includes the ability to use and produce it.
age-grading — Variation in language use associated with different ages.
apparent time — A method of studying language change by comparing
Q1. Explain DES Structure.
DES (Data Encryption Standard) is a symmetric key block cipher used for data encryption. It encrypts 64-bit plaintext using a 56-bit secret key.
DES uses a 16-round Feistel structure. The plaintext first undergoes initial permutation and is divided into left and right halves. In every round, the right half is processed using a round function and XORed with the left half. After 16 rounds, final permutation is performed to generate ciphertext.
def removeDuplicates(self, s: str, k: int) -> str:
stack = []
for char in s:
if not stack:
stack.append((char, 1))
else:
last_char, last_cnt = stack[-1]
if char != last_char:
stack.append((char, 1))
else:
if last_cnt + 1 < k:
stack[-1] = (last_
Throughout the twentieth century, a lot of countries were going through nationalism, political instability, war, and economic problems. When things got bad like that, governments and extremist groups would usually find someone to blame. Minority groups became easy targets. Over time, propaganda and violence were used to isolate these groups and eventually wipe them out. Genocides like the Armenian Genocide, the Holocaust, Rwanda, Bosnia, and Darfur all showed how fear and hatred can lead to organized
Lysogenic infection — Virus hides in host DNA as a prophage. Goes dormant until triggered.
Prokaryote — No true nucleus. DNA floats in nucleoid region. Bacteria are prokaryotes.
Cell wall — Made of peptidoglycan. Gives shape and protection. Bacteria have it, animal cells don't.
Nucleus — Membrane-bound DNA storage in eukaryotes.
Conjugation — Two bacteria connect using pili and share a plasmid. Spreads antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic — Kills or stops bacteria.
A Pattern of Destruction: Genocide and the Eight Stages Model
Throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, genocides did not happen overnight. In 1996, political scientist Gregory Stanton introduced the Eight Stages of Genocide, a framework that breaks down how genocide develops: Classification, Symbolization, Dehumanization, Organization, Polarization, Preparation, Extermination, and Denial. Looking at the Armenian, Holocaust, Cambodian, Rwandan, Bosnian, and Darfur genocides, it is clear
AOS = -b/2a Quadratic Formula = (-b root b^2-4ac)/2a
SEQUENCES Arithmetic = an = a1+d(n-1) Geometric = an = a1*r^(n-1) Compound annually = P(1+r)^t Quarterly = P(1+ r/n)^nt Continuously = Pe^rt Turn all percents into decimals for compounding ex: 1.8%-->0.018
Elimination = put one equation over the other and then make it so one of the variables cancels out
Substitution = sub one variable for the other
Discriminant = b^2-4ac if > 0 then 2 solution if < 0 then no solutions if = 0 then...
Contexte : 2e religion mondiale. Diversité : Arabes (~400M) et non-arabes (Afrique, Indonésie, Asie du S.-E.). Mahomet est le dernier prophète ; il a reçu le message final et complet d'Dieu consigné dans le Coran.
Racines Abrahamiques : Ibrahim (Abraham) fonde le monothéisme. Éprouvé par Dieu, il s'établit en Canaan. La sécheresse le pousse en Égypte où il épouse Agar (servante de sa femme). Naissance d'Ismaël, ancêtre des Arabes.
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