Define Machine Learning. Briefly explain the types of learnings.
Machine Learning (ML) is a branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that enables computers to learn automatically from data and improve their performance on a task without being explicitly programmed. It focuses on developing algorithms that can identify patterns and make predictions or decisions.
Supervised Learning:
The model is trained using labeled data (input-output pairs).
It learns
The methods commonly used for the collection of primary data are enumerated below
direct personal investigation: this method consist in the collection of data personally by investigator has to go to the field personally for making enquiry is and soliciting information from the informant or respondents this nature of investigation very much restrict the scope of the enquiry obviously this technique is suited only if the enquiry is intensive than the extension in other words this method should we...
COURS #1 - Jeudi, 28 août 2025 (débute le) Positivisme juridique: attaché à la lettre de la loi, justice signifie qu’on est tous soumis aux mêmes règles de droit. Un seul ordre juridique, créé par l’État. Monisme. Auteur important: Hans Kelsen (pyramide C-L-R -C) Jusnaturalisme juridique: interprétation morale de la loi. Justice = on est soumis au principe de justice émanant de la nature, dans l'ordre naturel des choses, principes transcendants. Le droit idéal, et non le droit
Determining the value of a theory? Logic,Utility,Testability,Empirical,Parsimony
Assumptions of deterrence theory?Sever,Certain,swift/celerity=more control on cb
3 principles of deterrence theory?
Sever-degree of punishment
Certain-assurance/consistency of p
Celerity/swift-speed of p
Alternative explanations for assessing deterrent effects?
Backlash-commit more & Crime displacement- shifts time,place,form of crime
Factors explain variation in deterrent effects?Varies by character=personality,
WIAT-III: Early Reading Skills, Reading Comprehension, Word Reading (called Letter and Word Recognition on KTEA), Pseudoword Decoding (nonsense words), Oral Reading Fluency.
Comparison with KTEA-3:
WJ IV Achievement: Letter and Word Recognition (Identify and read letters and...
Zero Coupon Bonds (ZCBs) are debt instruments that do not pay any periodic interest. They are issued at a discount and redeemed at face value upon maturity. The investor’s return is the difference between the purchase price and the redemption value. For example, a ₹1,000 bond issued at ₹700 gives ₹300 profit at maturity. The price is calculated as P = \frac{F}{(1+r)^n}, where P = price, F = face value, r = rate of return, and n = years to maturity
Advantages: predictable return, no reinvestment
...Attorney-Client Privilege – Clients’ communications are kept private when seeking legal advice. Anti-Commandeering Doctrine – Federal government cannot force states to carry out federal programs. Buried Bodies Case – The attorney did not reveal the locations of two murdered bodies; legally protected under privilege. Civil Law – Based on codified statutes made by legislatures. Common Law – Judge-made law that follows precedent (stare decisis). Common Law is Decentralized – Interprets
Public Speaking Public speaking is communicating a message effectively to a group of audience. Things like articulation, correct pronunciation, dialect, accent and pleasant voice facilitate the interest in the audience. Public speaking is a form of communication in which a speaker, addresses a large audience with relatively continuous discourse usually in a face-to-face situation. The speaker delivers the speech and audience responds to the speech with feedback. Mostly this occurs if such provision
1. Space Complexity:
It is the amount of memory an algorithm needs to run, including input data, auxiliary variables, and recursion stack.Recurrence Relation for Merge Sort:
T(n) = 2T(n/2) + O(n)
3Worst-Case Time Complexity of Quick Sort:O(n²)
4. Asymptotic Notations:
They are mathematical tools to describe the running time of algorithms, such as Big O, Big Ω, and Big Θ.5. Time Complexity of Strassen’s Matrix Multiplication:
O(n^2.81)6. Data Structure for Disjoint Sets:
Disjoint Set Union (