final exam

Question Bank Topic 1 with Solutions – Net Value Functions  Question Bank #1 – Net Value Functions: L03 – Engineering Economics & Net Value Applications  Review Questions   Recall the nanoRIMS example discussed in lecture. If the net value of buying the nanoparticles is $0 (the reference), determine the net value per week of having a grad student make the nanoparticles based on the following information:  Benefit = $896/week  Cost =   Cost of consumable supplies per week   Ingredients

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input output

1. Functions of I/O Interface and Its Need
Functions of I/O Interface:

Synchronizes the speed difference between CPU and I/O devices.

Selects and addresses the appropriate I/O device for communication.

Provides control and timing signals for data transfer.

Buffers data during transfer, managing data flow between CPU and devices.

Converts data formats (e.g., serial to parallel, digital to analog and vice versa).

Detects and reports errors during data transfer.

Handles interrupts to inform CPU when

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Software

Sure! Here's a detailed explanation for each of your questions:


1) Define Software Engineering as a "Layered Technology"

Software Engineering is called a layered technology because it is built on a foundation with multiple layers, each supporting the one above it. The layers are:

  1. Quality Focus (Foundation Layer):

    • Ensures the process and product quality.
    • Every layer depends on the focus on quality.
  2. Process Layer:

    • Acts as the framework for software development.
    • Provides control and coordination
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drugs

ENDOCRINE PHARMACOLOGY STUDY ROADMAP


🔹 1. Thyroid Physiology & Pathophysiology

🔸 Physiology

  • TRH (hypothalamus) → stimulates TSH (anterior pituitary) → stimulates T3/T4 release (thyroid)

  • T3 = active, T4 = prohormone

  • Feedback loop: T3/T4 inhibit TRH + TSH

  • T3/T4 actions:

    • ↑ Metabolic rate, HR, cardiac output

    • ↑ Oxygen use, lipolysis, glucose metabolism

    • CNS effects (mood), reproductive effects

🔸 Synthesis

  • Iodide uptake → oxidation to iodine → binds to thyroglobulin

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Polymer

1. Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs)

Definition

Shape Memory Alloys R metallic materials that can recover their original shape after deformation when exposed 2 a specific stimulus, usually heat. 

The most common example is Nickel-Titanium (Nitinol), known 4 its shape memory & superelastic behavior.

Mechanism

a. Phase Transformation
SMAs operate through a solid-state transformation between 2 phases:

  • Martensite (low temp, soft) – can be deformed easily & retains shape until heated.
  • Austenite
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Economics

Q. Briefly explain nitrogen cycle with diagram.

Ans:- The nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical process where nitrogen, is converted between different chemical forms as it moves through the living and non-living organisms. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the nitrogen balance in ecosystems.

     Stages of the Nitrogen Cycle

The nitrogen cycle consists of several important steps:

1. Nitrogen Fixation

2. Nitrification

3. Assimilation

4. Ammonification (Decay)

5. Denitrification

1. Nitrogen...

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Patan 5 marks

Explain array implementation of list. 5 marks

An array implementation of a list involves using a contiguous block of memory to store elements, allowing for efficient access and manipulation. Here’s a breakdown of the key aspects of this implementation:

1.) Structure:

°An array is a fixed-size data structure that holds elements of the same type. In the context of a list, an array can be used to store the list elements in sequential memory locations.

°The size of the array is typically defined

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Bhaktapur multiple Campus

Define ADT. Explain array as an ADT? (2+3 marks)

An Abstract Data Type (ADT) is a conceptual model that defines a set of operations and behaviors for a data structure, without specifying the underlying implementation details. Arrays, as an ADT, define how data is organized and accessed through indices, but not how it's actually stored in memory. 

Arrays as an ADT 

-An array ADT defines a collection of elements that can be accessed by their index (position). 

-Common operations on an array ADT

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social improvement

Nutrition:  Nutrition is the biochemical and physiological processes by which an organism uses food support its life. 

Health:    Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and absence of disease. 

Type of Health:

1. Physical Health 2. Social Health 3. Spiritual Health 4. Emotional Health

1. Physical Health:  It is define as the state in which every cell and every organ is functioning at optimum capicity and imperfect hormony will the rest of the body. The physical

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