Combine Indep. Unbiased estimators.
-d1, d2 indep. unbiased estimators of θ, variances of σ12 and σ22
-E[ di ] = θ , Var( di ) = σ12
-Any estimator of form d = λd1 + (1 -λ)d2 also unbiased
- r(d, θ )= Var( d ) = λ2 Var(d1 ) + (1 -λ)2 Var(d2 ) = λ2 σ12 + (1 -λ)2 σ22
-Determine value λ that results in d having smallest mean square val (minimize r(d, θ )?
-d/dλ r(d,θ ) = 2λ σ12 + 2(1 -λ) σ22 , set eq'n to 0 solve for λ
-2λσ12 =2(1 -λ) σ22 or λ = σ22 /σ12 +
NPO characteristics from academic viewpoints: organised, private, non-profit distributing, self-governing, voluntary
Social welfare department: Funding and Service Agreements (FSAs) and Service Documents (SDs)
Europe: based in rich countries but operate internationally or in foreign poor countries
Positive impact: policy (SW), religious, service
Negative impact: have an edge over business due to tax-exempt status
Traditional altruism: Christianity (unconditional love), Confucianism (benevolent love)
...11a. Plant, animal and microbial cells
Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic, with a true nucleus and membrane‑bound organelles, whereas most microbial (bacterial) cells are prokaryotic, lacking a true nucleus and typical organelles.
Plant cells possess a cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole and plasmodesmata; animal cells lack a cell wall and chloroplasts but have lysosomes, centrioles and prominent extracellular matrix; bacterial cells have a peptidoglycan cell wall, 70S...
utilizados na atividade económica (lã, linho, café, cacau). Define-se trabalho como toda a atividade física ou mental desempenhada pelo ser humano de forma remunerada e que tem por objetivo a produção de bens e serviços. Existem os seguintes tipos de trabalho: Trabalho simples: Não exige qualificações (varredor, empregada doméstica); Trabalho complexo: exige qualificações específicas adquiridas através de formação ou experiência profissional. Trabalho manual: Aquele em que predomina...
🔴 8 MARK ANSWERS
1. Analyse the Deficit Theory (with criticism and implications)
Deficit Theory, commonly associated with the work of John Ogbu and earlier sociolinguistic theorists, explains academic underachievement among students from disadvantaged, minority, or marginalized backgrounds by attributing it to deficiencies in their language, culture, or home environment. According to this theory, such learners enter school without the linguistic competence, cognitive stimulation, or cultural...
Data Mining is the process of automatically discovering meaningful patterns, trends, and relationships from large datasets using statistical, machine learning, and database techniques.
Applications (any two):
Market Basket Analysis
Fraud Detection
(Other examples: customer segmentation, medical diagnosis, recommendation systems)
KDD is the overall process of extracting useful knowledge...
In a circular singly linked list, the last node's next pointer points back to the head instead of NULL.
struct Node {
int data;
Node* next;
};
// Function to insert a node (Creating the list)
void insertEnd(Node*& head, int value) {
Node* newNode = new Node();
newNode->data = value;
if (head == NULL) {
head = newNode;
newNode->next = head; //1) Normal Stem Cells vs Cancer Stem Cells
Normal stem cells self-renew in a controlled way to maintain tissues, while cancer stem cells self-renew uncontrollably and form tumors. CSCs resist therapy and can regenerate the tumor, unlike normal stem cells whose growth is tightly regulated.
2) Therapeutic Implications of Cancer Stem Cells
CSCs survive chemotherapy and radiotherapy because they are more resistant than regular tumor cells. If they are not eliminated, they can cause tumor regrowth
The concepts of Normal and Abnormal Loss are crucial in consignment accounting, as they directly impact the valuation of unsold stock and the calculation of the correct profit or loss on the consignment.
Normal Loss vs. Abnormal Loss
The distinction between the two types of losses is based on their avoidability and nature:
1. Normal Loss (Unavoidable)
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Nature | Inevitable loss that occurs due to the inherent characteristics of the goods (e.g., evaporation, shrinkage,