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Panel data
🧩 CHAPTER 1 – PANEL DATA MODELS (Exam-Oriented Summary)
🔹 1. General Model
yit=αi+Xit′β+ϵity_{it} = \alpha_i + X_{it}'\beta + \epsilon_{it}yit=αi+Xit′β+ϵit
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αi\alpha_iαi: individual-specific time-invariant effect
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Goal: estimate β\betaβ despite unobserved heterogeneity
🔹 2. Fixed Effects (FE) Estimator
Methods:
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LSDV (Least Squares Dummy Variables): not feasible for large NNN
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Within estimator:
yit−yˉi=(Xit−Xˉi)β+(ϵit−ϵˉi)y_
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База 20
1). В сосуд, содержащий 5 литров 12−процентного водного раствора некоторого вещества, добавили 7 литров воды. Сколько процентов составляет концентрация получившегося раствора?
2). Смешали некоторое количество 15−процентного раствора некоторого вещества с таким же
...Consti
Article 12: The State Key Principles
Inclusive definition: Government, Parliament, State Legislatures, local authorities, other authorities
Purpose: Defines entities bound by Fundamental Rights in Part III
Judicial evolution: From narrow to broad interpretation
The "Other Authorities" Test
Pradeep Kumar Biswas Test (2002): Deep & Pervasive Control (DPC)
Look at cumulative facts showing financial, functional, administrative domination
Control must be pervasive, not mere regulatory oversight
Refines
...Etixz
Introduction
Human rights are universal entitlements, ensuring every individual can live with dignity, freedom, and equality. Yet across the globe, these rights are too often violated—whether by a state overstepping its authority or by non-state actors acting with malicious intent. Redressal mechanisms form the backbone of accountability, offering both legal recourse and societal remediation when violations occur. This document examines how violations by the State, by private individuals and groups,
hstoria
A finales del siglo XIX, en una sociedad cada vez más masificada, los medios de comunicación comenzaron a jugar un papel crucial no solo como transmisores de información, sino también como instrumentos de control ideológico. Esta nueva sociedad necesitaba estar informada, pero también cohesionada. Los medios, por tanto, empezaron a reflejar las tensiones entre tradición y modernidad, al mismo tiempo que servían para reforzar el orden social existente.
Con la llegada de la Primera Guerra
...ptdddd
(a) Limitations of Using Press Tools
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High Initial Cost: The design and manufacture of press tools involve significant capital investment.
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Limited Flexibility: Press tools are generally designed for specific parts, making them unsuitable for small batch production or frequent design changes.
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Tool Wear and Maintenance: Press tools experience wear and tear and require regular maintenance and sharpening.
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Material Restrictions: Only materials with suitable ductility and thickness can be processed
NPB Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular System:
Heart (Chordae tendineae, endocardium, myocardium (intercalated disks), epicardium)
- Contains 4 chambers
- Left side pumps O2 rich blood
- Right side pumps poor O2 blood
- Tricuspid (atrioventricular) before Bicuspid (tri before you bi)
- Pulmonary/semilunar valve: before lungs
- Aortic/semilunar valve: before aorta
Heart Nodes
- Sinoatrial node (70)
- Atrioventricular node (50) (slowest bc nodal delay)
- Bundle of his
- Purkinje fibers (30)
Action potential in cardiac cells...
Gt theyej
1. Graphs
• Graph (G): A pair (V, E) where V is a set of vertices and E is a set of edges connecting pairs of vertices.
• Types:
o Simple Graph: No loops or multiple edges.
o Multigraph: Multiple edges allowed.
o Directed Graph (Digraph): Edges have directions.
o Weighted Graph: Edges have weights.
🔹 2. Subgraphs
• Subgraph: A graph H is a subgraph of G if V(H) ⊆ V(G) and E(H) ⊆ E(G).
• Induced Subgraph: Formed by a subset of vertices and all edges between them in G.
🔹 3. Basic
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BIOMINING
One of the smallest representatives of life forms, BACTERIA, can be seen as a mixed blessing. They cause diseases to plants and animals even to human beings such as tuberculosis and leprosy on one side and they also convert milk into curd. In last couple of decades, we have identified bacteria as miners. These diminutive diggers have become assets to the mining industry eliminating traditional offensive methods which use explosives, toxic chemicals, and high temperatures (Science, Vol