Why protection is needed
In multitasking or multi‑user systems, two programs might try to use the same memory at the same time, which can corrupt data or crash the system.
Protection mechanisms isolate user programs from each other and from the OS, and also help detect bugs by checking whether each memory access and instruction obeys certain safety rules.
Overview of 80386 protection
80386 has four protection levels (0–3), where 0 is most trusted (OS kernel) and 3 is least trusted (user apps).
It
Here are the solutions to the questions presented in the images, based on the provisions of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1961.
Q. 2. Income Tax is charged on the Previous year Income. Do you agree? If not Give exceptions.
Agreement: Yes, I agree. The fundamental principle is that income earned in the Previous Year (P.Y.) is taxed in the next financial year, known as the Assessment Year (A.Y.).
Exceptions to the General Rule (P.Y. Income Taxed in P.Y.)
In certain specific cases, income is assessed and
🐧 Introduction to Linux
Linux is a powerful, open-source operating system (OS) based on the Linux kernel. It's used everywhere, from supercomputers and servers to mobile devices and embedded systems. Unlike proprietary operating systems like Windows or macOS, Linux's source code is freely available, which allows anyone to modify and distribute it.
💻 Overview of the Linux Operating System
The Linux OS is generally structured in several key layers:
* Hardware Layer: This is the physical machine,
Unit-1
Concept of Information Society, Knowledge Society:
Information Society:-
An information society is a society where the creation, distribution, use, integration and manipulation of information is a significant economic, political, and cultural activity. Its main drivers are digital information and communication technologies, which have resulted in an information explosion and are profoundly changing all aspects of social organization, including the economy, education, health, warfare, government
The concepts of climate change, global warming, the greenhouse effect, and ozone depletion are fundamental to understanding the current state of our global environment and the imperative for sustainable development.
🌡️ Climate Change and Global Warming -Climate Change refers to a long-term shift in the average weather conditions of a region or the Earth as a whole. This includes changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and wind patterns. Global Warming is the term used to describe the
Ecology is the fundamental study of the intricate relationships between living organisms (including humans) and their physical environment. It seeks to understand the vital connections, interactions, and exchanges of energy and matter that occur within the natural world .
🌎 Definition of Ecology
The term Ecology comes from the Greek words oikos (meaning 'house' or 'habitat') and logos (meaning 'study of').
* Formal Definition: Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions among organisms
KEY CONCEPTS
1.Law: An object stays in uniform motion unless net force acts| 2.Law: Acceleration is proportional to net force and inversely to mass| 3.Law: Forces come in equal and opposite pairs | Conservation of Energy: Total mechanical energy remains constant if no non-conservative forces act | Conservation of Momentum: Total momentum stays constant in isolated systems | Archimedes: Buoyant force equals weight of displaced fluid | Bernoulli: Faster fluid → lower pressure; slower fluid → higher...
1. Determining electron domain geometry, molecular geometry, hybridization, polarity, and bond angles from Lewis structures
From a Lewis structure, you need to count electron domains (bonding pairs + lone pairs) around the central atom to determine geometries:
Taalverwantschap
Talen lijken op elkaar door erfwoorden (centrale, alledaagse woordenschat). Erfwoorden tonen regelmatige klankovereenkomsten → bewijs van taalverwantschap.
Proto-Indo-Europees (PIE)
Oertaal ± 6000 jaar geleden, nooit opgeschreven, volledig gereconstrueerd via vergelijking van talen. Klankwetten tonen hoe woorden veranderden. Naam is misleidend (proto, Indo, Europees is eigenlijk te beperkt).
PIE-stamboom (ppt)
Indo-Europese familie →
•Germaanse