* **\text{K}^+ (Major Intracellular Cation):** Maintains intracellular fluid volume, regulates cardiac rhythm, stabilizes membrane potential, and acts as a cofactor for several metabolic enzymes (e.g., pyruvate kinase).
### 2. Calcium (\text{Ca}^{2+})
* **Structural Role:** Major component of bones and teeth in the form of hydroxyapatite, \text{Ca}_{10}(\text{PO}_4)_6(\text{OH})_2.
* **Signaling Role:** Acts as a universal second messenger in intracellular signaling pathways.
* **Physiological
Case: M. C. Mehta v. Union of India (1987)
If an enterprise engages in hazardous activity and causes harm, it is absolutely liable.
No exceptions are allowed.
Victim need not prove negligence.
Developed by Supreme Court in Oleum Gas Leak Case.
More stringent than Strict Liability.
Compensation should match the capacity of the enterprise.
Based on Article 21.
Protects public health and environment.
Applies to hazardous industries.
NERVE HISTOLOGY
Epineurium* → protects entire nerve
Perineurium
Fascicle
Axon* → conducts impulses
Node of Ranvier* → speeds conduction
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
SPINAL CORD
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━MENINGES & SPACES
Epidural space
Dura mater* → protects spinal cord
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater* → protective membrane
Subarachnoid space* → contains CSF
Pia mater* → covers spinal cord
ROOTS & NERVES
Posterior root (dorsal
11.covert to postfix
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
char stack[20];
int top = -1;
void push(char x)
{
stack[++top] = x;
}
char pop()
{
return stack[top--];
}
int priority(char x)
{
if(x=='(')
return 0;
if(x=='+' || x=='-')
return 1;
if(x=='*' || x=='/')
return 2;
if(x=='^')
return 3;
return 0;
}
void main()
{
char exp[20];
int i;
char x;
clrscr();
printf("Enter Infix Expression:
Explanation:
Economics is the study of how people choose because resources (money, time, etc.) are limited. The ten principles are basic rules: 1) people face trade‑offs, 2) cost is what you give up, 3) people compare extra benefits and extra costs, 4) people respond to incentives, 5) trade helps everyone, 6) markets usually work well, 7) government can help sometimes, 8) living standards depend on production, 9) too much money causes inflation, 10) there is a short‑run
During the mid to late nineteenth century, European art underwent radical transformation. Artists began to reject traditional academic approaches that focused on idealised subjects, precise perspective and polished techniques. Instead, they turned towards modern life, experimenting with composition, colour, light and subject matter. This shift can be clearly seen in the work of Jean-François Millet, Claude Monet, Mary...
Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed during the reaction. They are mostly proteins, although some RNA molecules (ribozymes) also exhibit catalytic activity. Enzymes play a crucial role in metabolism, digestion, energy production, DNA replication, and numerous other biological processes. Since thousands of enzymes have been discovered, a systematic method of naming and...
Część 1:
1.A to try to cure a medical condition TREAT
B the study of the mind PSYCHOLOGY
C an observable action BEHAVIOR
D relating to the mind MENTAL
E to evaluate something ASSESS
F a physical setting ENVIRONMENT
G the status of the body's systems PHYSICAL STATE
H a set of events that take place in a certain order PROCESS
1B Many different factors affect people's minds.
2A The brain directs many processes, so it has many different functions
A information that comes from the