(Present Worth, Future Worth, Annual Equivalent — Equal & Unequal Lives)
1. Purpose of Investment Evaluation
Used to compare different engineering projects based on their economic worth.
Projects may have:
- Different lifetimes
- Different cash-flow patterns
- Different initial investments
Goal → Select the economically best alternative.
2. Interest Factors (ESSENTIAL)
(These appear multiple times, so memorize.)
(P/F, i, n)
Present worth of single future sum
P = F(1+i)^-n
(F/P, i, n)
Future
ROMANTICISIMO: All’inizio dell’Ottocento (1830) in Europa si diffonde il Romanticismo, un movimento culturale contrapposto al razionalismo e al meccanicismo illuminista. In epoca romantica la riflessione sul rapporto tra uomo e natura interessa la cultura in tutti i suoi aspetti, sia nelle arti figurative che in letteratura e in filosofia. L’arte è intesa come espressione del sentimento, scaturita da «un intimo impulso del cuore».
Cultura romantica:
- 1800-30 Rivoluzione industriale;
- 1814-
Q.1 (a) List Advantages of Python.
Answer:
| Word / Phrase | Meaning | Three synonyms | Three antonyms |
| Be on a high | To feel extremely happy or excited | be elated, feel euphoric, be overjoyed | feel down, be depressed, be miserable |
| Tie the knot | To get married | get married, wed, exchange vows | split up, divorce, break up |
| Bubbly little lady | A lively, cheerful, talkative woman | vivacious, outgoing, spirited | dull, gloomy, introverted |
| Have money to burn | To have more money than needed and spend it freely | be wealthy, be affluent, be loaded | be broke, |
1)CCD Camera?
A CCD (Charge Coupled Device) is an electronic sensor used in cameras to capture digital images.
It converts light → electrical charge → digital data.
Each pixel stores charge proportional to the light intensity, forming the image.
Construction
CCD is based on a MOS (Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor) structure, not a simple pn junction.
Main parts:
P-type semiconductor body
Thin silicon dioxide insulating layer
Array of gate electrodes
When a positive voltage is applied to the gate:
Holes
current ratio:It is a liquidity ratio that shows the relationship between a firm's current assets and current liabilities to measure its ability to pay short-term debts.Current Ratio-Current Liabilities/Current Assets
accounting:Accounting is the process of recording, classifying, summarizing, and interpreting financial transactions to know the profit or loss and the financial position of a business.
Profitability ratio:Profitability ratio is a financial ratio that measures a firm's ability to earn
Pierre Corneille, né à Rouen, étudie le droit mais se passionne vite pour le théâtre. Il commence avec la comédie Mélite (1630), puis écrit plusieurs pièces comme La Galerie du Palais, L’Illusion comique et Médée. Ses premières comédies sont élégantes et légères, sans vraie leçon morale.
En 1637, il devient célèbre avec Le Cid, une tragi-comédie qui provoque la « querelle du Cid » car elle ne respecte pas les règles classiques et raconte un amour jugé immoral. Malgré
Definition:
Cryptanalysis is the process of studying and breaking encryption to recover plaintext or the secret key without knowing the key.
Purpose:
The purpose of cryptanalysis is to find weaknesses in a cryptographic algorithm, recover hidden plaintext or keys, check how strong the encryption is, and determine how easily an attacker can exploit the system.
Working:
Attacker collects ciphertext.
Makes guesses or analyzes patterns in the encryption.
Tries decrypting