Keywords and identifiers are fundamental elements in programming languages used to define variables, functions, and other constructs, with keywords being reserved words that have special meanings, and identifiers being names given to user-defined entities.
Comments in programming serve the essential purpose of making the source code more understandable and maintainable by providing textual annotations that explain the logic, purpose, or any additional information about the code. They help programmers
# **FGI**
## **Alkyl Halides**
- Alkyl halide or haloalkanes
- Compounds with a halogen atom bonded to a saturated sp3-hybridized carbon atom
- Halogens increases in size down the periodic table
- Lengths of corresponding carbon-halogen bonds increase accordingly, where the C-X carbon bond strengths decrease going down the periodic table.
- The carbon-halogen bond of alkyl halides is polarised with the carbon atom bearing a slight positive charge (d+) and the halogen a slight negative charge
## Hybrid Hash-Join — Step-by-Step Conceptual Explanation (Exam-Friendly)
Hybrid Hash-Join is an **improved version of Hash-Join** that reduces disk I/O by using memory more efficiently during the join operation.
It is particularly useful when:
* The **build relation is larger than memory**
* But memory is **still large enough** to hold **one or more partitions** fully
## Why Hybrid Hash-Join?
In a normal Hash-Join:
* All partitions of build relation are written to disk first
* Then read again for...
Water Balance:
I − O = ΔS
(IE+IR)−(OO+OS)=ΔS
ΔS = Inputs - Outputs
= (P + Qin + Gin) – (Qout + Evt + Gout)
Atmospheric Water
▪ Precipitation (e.g. Rain, Snow, Hail)
Surface Water
▪ Lakes, Rivers, Streams, Ponds, and Oceans
▪ Visible to us in storage on the surface in
liquid form
Groundwater
▪ Aquifers, (Un)Saturated Zones
▪ Below our feet hidden within the ground
▪ Huge quantities!
Cryosphere
▪ Mountain glaciers, or Polar Ice Caps
▪ Water stored as ice in solid form
Drainage
...Cuando un cliente llega al hotel, el recepcionista debe comprobar su reserva o la disponibilidad de habitaciones (si no ha reservado), preguntando los datos necesarios (fecha de salida, tipo de habitación y servicios solicitados).
Antes de asignarle una habitación, se debe pedir un documento. Los viajeros españoles suelen entregar el DNI (Documento Nacional de Identidad), pero se pueden aceptar también el pasaporte o el carné de conducir. Además, cada establecimiento turístico tiene la obligación
Two objects are indiscernible if they have same values for a chosen set of attributes.
Forms equivalence classes (granules).
Basis for lower/upper approximations in Rough Sets.
Reduct
Minimum subset of attributes giving same classification power as full set.
Removing any attribute → information loss.
Core
Intersection of all reducts.
Contains attributes must for classification.
Example (Medical dataset)
Attributes:
1. Weighting schemes in weighted Cohen’s Kappa (linear vs. quadratic).
Linear weighting penalizes disagreements proportionally to category distance, suitable when graded differences are modest. Quadratic weighting penalizes larger disagreements more strongly, emphasizing severe misjudgments. Linear weights are simpler but less sensitive; quadratic weights capture nuanced graded relevance differences but may exaggerate minor annotation inconsistencies.
2. Thesaurus-based vs. feedback-based expansion...
HISTORY
The Age of Revolution: 1830-1848
● Bourbon kings were overthrown 2 set up a constitutional monarchy in July 1830. ● National feeling was the main focus area. ● Greece was struggling 4 independence which was a part of the Ottoman Empire. ● Greece was declared an independent nation in the Treaty of Constantinople signed in 1832. ● German philosopher, Johan Gottfried discovered the culture of common people through music, dance & folk poetry. ● There were fewer jobs & more
...Ch 11 Communication & Negotiation
Mehrabian’s Rule: Communication impact: 7% words, 38% tone, 55% body language (non-verbal dominates when messages are emotional/ambiguous).
York’s Experiment (non-verbal tactics): Students detected confidence, dominance, competence from posture, movement, and eye contact even without hearing words.Shows non-verbal cues strongly shape judgments.
Def of Comm: process of sending, receiving, and interpreting information between people.
Basic Model: Encoding
...